(2012?和平區(qū)一模)某固體樣品含一定質(zhì)量的碳酸鈣和22.2g氯化鈣,此固體樣品與一定量的稀鹽酸恰好完全反應(yīng),所得溶液的質(zhì)量為 100.8g,測得溶液中鈣元素的質(zhì)量為12g.試計(jì)算:
(1)反應(yīng)后所得溶液中溶質(zhì)的質(zhì)量是______ g.
(2)固體樣品中鈣元素、碳元素、氧元素的質(zhì)量比為______(結(jié)果用最簡整數(shù)比表示).
(3)稀鹽酸中溶質(zhì)的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù).
【答案】
分析:(1)固體樣品中的碳酸鈣與稀鹽酸恰好完全反應(yīng),使得反應(yīng)后溶液為變成氯化鈣溶液;根據(jù)溶液中鈣元素的質(zhì)量,利用氯化鈣中鈣元素質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù),計(jì)算溶質(zhì)氯化鈣的質(zhì)量;
(2)根據(jù)題意,樣品中氯化鈣溶于水而碳酸鈣溶于鹽酸,因此固體樣品中鈣元素質(zhì)量即反應(yīng)后溶液中鈣元素質(zhì)量;而樣品中氯化鈣不含碳元素、氧元素,因此需要計(jì)算出樣品中碳酸鈣的質(zhì)量以計(jì)算樣品中碳、氧元素的質(zhì)量;可假設(shè)出碳酸鈣的質(zhì)量,然后由反應(yīng)的化學(xué)方程式解決碳酸鈣的質(zhì)量;
(3)計(jì)算稀鹽酸中溶質(zhì)的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù),需要解決稀鹽酸的質(zhì)量及其中溶質(zhì)HCl的質(zhì)量,溶質(zhì)HCl的質(zhì)量可根據(jù)化學(xué)方程式,由碳酸鈣的質(zhì)量計(jì)算求得;而稀鹽酸的質(zhì)量需要利用質(zhì)量守恒定律進(jìn)行計(jì)算.
解答:解:(1)反應(yīng)后所得溶液中溶質(zhì)氯化鈣的質(zhì)量=12g÷
×100%=33.3g
(2)設(shè)樣品中碳酸鈣的質(zhì)量為x,反應(yīng)生成氯化鈣的質(zhì)量=33.3g-22.2g=11.1g
CaCO
3+2HCl═CaCl
2+H
2O+CO
2↑
100 111
x 11.1g
=
x=10g
固體樣品中鈣元素、碳元素、氧元素的質(zhì)量比=12g:(10g×
×100%):(10g×
×100%)=10:1:4
故答案為:(1)33.3;
(2)10:1:4;
(3)設(shè)反應(yīng)消耗HCl的質(zhì)量為y,生成二氧化碳的質(zhì)量為z
CaCO
3+2HCl═CaCl
2+H
2O+CO
2↑
73 111 44
y 11.1g z
=
=
解之得y=7.3g,z=4.4g
稀鹽酸中溶質(zhì)的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)=
×100%=10%
答:稀鹽酸中溶質(zhì)的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為10%.
點(diǎn)評:根據(jù)化學(xué)方程式能表示反應(yīng)中各物質(zhì)的質(zhì)量比,由反應(yīng)中某物質(zhì)的質(zhì)量可以計(jì)算反應(yīng)中其它物質(zhì)的質(zhì)量.