Question

（全國(guó)卷1）24.（18分）圖中滑塊和小球的質(zhì)量均為m，滑塊可在水平放置的光滑固定導(dǎo)軌上自由滑動(dòng)，小球與滑塊上的懸點(diǎn)O由一不可伸長(zhǎng)的輕繩相連，輕繩長(zhǎng)為l。開(kāi)始時(shí)，輕繩處于水平拉直狀態(tài)，小球和滑塊均靜止�，F(xiàn)將小球由靜止釋放，當(dāng)小球到達(dá)最低點(diǎn)時(shí)，滑塊剛好被一表面涂有粘性物質(zhì)的固定擋板粘住，在極短的時(shí)間內(nèi)速度減為零，小球繼續(xù)向左擺動(dòng)，當(dāng)輕繩與豎直方向的夾角θ＝60°時(shí)小球達(dá)到最高點(diǎn)。求

（1）從滑塊與擋板接觸到速度剛好變?yōu)榱愕倪^(guò)程中，擋板阻力對(duì)滑塊的沖量；

（2）小球從釋放到第一次到達(dá)最低點(diǎn)的過(guò)程中，繩的拉力對(duì)小球做功的大小。

Answer 1

解析：

（1）對(duì)系統(tǒng)，設(shè)小球在最低點(diǎn)時(shí)速度大小為v₁，此時(shí)滑塊的速度大小為v₂，滑塊與擋板接觸前

由系統(tǒng)的機(jī)械能守恒定律：mgl = mv₁² +mv₂² ········································································· ①

由系統(tǒng)的水平方向動(dòng)量守恒定律：mv₁ = mv₂·············································································· ②

對(duì)滑塊與擋板接觸到速度剛好變?yōu)榱愕倪^(guò)程中，擋板阻力對(duì)滑塊的沖量為：

I = mv₂······································································································································· ③

聯(lián)立①②③解得I = m 方向向左···························································································· ④

（2）小球釋放到第一次到達(dá)最低點(diǎn)的過(guò)程中，設(shè)繩的拉力對(duì)小球做功的大小為W，對(duì)小球由動(dòng)能定理：

mgl＋W = mv₁²························································································································· ⑤

聯(lián)立①②⑤解得：W =－mgl，即繩的拉力對(duì)小球做負(fù)功，大小為mgl 。