1.Decision-making under Stress
A new review based on a research shows that acute stress affects the way the brain considers the advantages and disadvantages,causing it to focus on pleasure and ignore the possible negative (負(fù)面的) consequences of a decision.
The research suggests that stress may change the way people make choices in predictable ways.
"Stress affects how people learn,"says Professor Mara Mather."People learn better about positive than negative outcomes under stress."
For example,two recent studies looked at how people learned to connect images(影像) with either rewards or punishments.In one experiment,some of the participants were first stressed by having to give a speech and do difficult math problems in front of an audience; in the other,some were stressed by having to keep their hands in ice water.In both cases,the stressed participants remembered the rewarded material more accurately and the punished material less accurately than those who hadn't gone through the stress.
This phenomenon is likely not surprising to anyone who has tried to resist eating cookies or smoking a cigarette while under stress-at those moments,only the pleasure associated with such activities comes to mind.But the findings further suggest that stress may bring about a double effect.Not only are rewarding experiences remembered better,but negative consequences are also easily recalled.
The research also found that stress appears to affect decision-making differently in men and women.While both men and women tend to focus on rewards and less on consequences under stress,their responses to risk turn out to be different.
Men who had been stressed by the cold-water task tended to take more risks in the experiment while women responded in the opposite way.In stressful situations in which risk-taking can pay off big,men may tend to do better,when caution weighs more,however,women will win.
This tendency to slow down and become more cautious when decisions are risky might also help explain why women are less likely to become addicted than men:they may more often avoid making the risky choices that eventually harden into addiction.
64.We can learn from the passage that people under pressure tend toA.
A.keep rewards better in their memory
B.recall consequences more effortlessly
C.make risky decisions more frequently
D.learn a subject more effectively
65.According to the research,stress affects people most probably in theirA
A.ways of making choices B.preference for pleasure
C.tolerance of punishments D.responses to suggestions
66.The research has proved that in a stressful situation,D.
A.women find it easier to fall into certain habits
B.men hav e a greater tendency to slow down
C.women focus more on outcomes
D.men are more likely to take risks.
分析 本文是一篇說(shuō)明文,主要講述的是壓力對(duì)人們不好的影響,在壓力之下人們作出決定時(shí)的考慮是不一樣的,并通過(guò)實(shí)驗(yàn)說(shuō)明人們?cè)谟袎毫Φ臅r(shí)候通常想到的是積極的一面比較多,同時(shí)也介紹了男人和女人在面對(duì)不同的壓力時(shí)反映也是不同的.
解答 63.A 推理判斷.根據(jù)第一段最后一句"causing it to focus on pleasure and ignore the possible negative (負(fù)面的)consequences of a decision."可知,在壓力之下人們更可能聚焦于快樂(lè)的事情而不是負(fù)面的結(jié)果,故他們更容易記住記憶里好的事情,A正確.
64.A 細(xì)節(jié)理解.根據(jù)文章第二段"The research suggests that stress may change the way people make choices in predictable ways."可知,壓力可以改變?nèi)藗冏龀鰶Q定的方式.故A正確.
65.D 細(xì)節(jié)理解.根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第二段"In stressful situations in which risk-taking can pay off big,men may tend to do better,when caution weighs more,however,women will win."可知,男性更可能去冒險(xiǎn).故D正確.
點(diǎn)評(píng) 解答細(xì)節(jié)理解題時(shí),一個(gè)常用的方法就是運(yùn)用定位法,即根據(jù)題干和選項(xiàng)中的關(guān)鍵詞從原文中找到相關(guān)的句子,與選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行比較從而確定答案;推理判斷題既要求學(xué)生透過(guò)文章表面文字信息推測(cè)文章隱含意思,又要求學(xué)生對(duì)作者的態(tài)度、意圖及文章細(xì)節(jié)的發(fā)展作正確的推理判斷,力求從作者的角度去考慮,不要固守自己的看法或觀點(diǎn).