The term “formal learning” refers to all learning which takes place in the classroom regardless of whether such learning is informed by conservative or progressive ideologies(思想意識). “Informal learning”, on the other hand, is used to refer to learning which takes place outside the classroom.
These definitions(定義) provide the basic difference between the two models of learning. Formal learning is separated from daily life and may actually promote ways of learning and thinking which often run counter to those obtained form practical daily life. A characteristic feature of formal learning is the centrality of activities which can prepare for the changes of adult life outside the classroom, but it cannot, by its nature, consist of these challenges.
In doing this, language plays an important role as a major channel for information exchange.  The language of the classroom is more similar to the language used by middle-class families than that used by working-class families. Middle class children thus find it easier to gain the language of the classroom than their working-class classmates.
Informal learning, in contrast, occurs in the setting to which it relates, making learning immediately relevant (相關(guān)的). In this context, language does not occupy such an important role: the child's experience of learning is more direct, involving sight, touch, taste, and smell senses that are not used in the classroom. Whereas formal learning is transmitted by teachers selected to perform this role, informal learning is gained as a natural part of child's socialization. Adults or older children who are proficient (熟練的) in skill or activity provide-----sometimes unintentionally (無意義地)---target models of behavior in the course of everyday activity.
Informal learning, therefore, can take place at any time and place. The motivation of learner provides another important difference between the two models of learning. The formal learner is generally motivated by some kind of external goal such as parental approval, social status, and possible financial reward. The informal learner, however, tends to be motivated by successful completion of the task itself and the partial knowledge of adult status.
Given that learning systems develop as a response to the social and economic contexts in which they are firmly, it is understandable that modern, high urbanized (城市化) societies have concentrated almost specially on the establishment of formal education systems. What these societies have failed to recognize are the ways in which formal learning inhibits the child's multi-sensory acquisition of practical skills. The failure to provide a child with a direct education may in part account for many of the social problems which trouble our societies.

  1. 1.

    Formal learning and informal learning are mainly told differences by_________.

    1. A.
      the place where they take place
    2. B.
      the kind of knowledge to be obtained
    3. C.
      the people who learn
    4. D.
      the language used in instruction
  2. 2.

    The language used in classroom instruction explains________.

    1. A.
      how learning can take place efficiently
    2. B.
      why it is not easy for children of working-class families to get high scores
    3. C.
      why informal learning is more important
    4. D.
      why formal learning does not work with children of middle-class families
  3. 3.

    In informal learning_________.

    1. A.
      children usually follow the examples of adults to shape their own behavior
    2. B.
      children's learning is more direct
    3. C.
      children are highly motivated by the learning activity it self
    4. D.
      all of the above
  4. 4.

    The author's attitude towards the present state of formal learning is _______.

    1. A.
      agreeable            
    2. B.
      critical
    3. C.
      suspecting           
    4. D.
      indifferent(不關(guān)心的)
練習(xí)冊系列答案
相關(guān)習(xí)題

科目:高中英語 來源:貴州省遵義四中2009-2010學(xué)年度高一第二學(xué)期期中考試(英語) 題型:閱讀理解


Recently a Beijing father sent in a question at an Internet forum (論壇) asking what "PK" meant.
"My family has been watching the 'Super Girl' singing competition TV program. My little daughter asked me what 'PK' meant, but I had no idea," explained the puzzled father.
To a lot of Chinese young people who have been playing games online, it is impossible not to know this term. In such Internet games, "PK" is short for "Player Kill", in which two players fight until one ends the life of the other.
In the case of the "Super Girl" singing competition, "PK" was used to refer to the stage where two singers have to compete with each other for only one chance to go up in competition ranking.
Like this father, Chinese teachers at high schools have also been finding their students' compositions using Internet jargons which are difficult to understand. A high school teacher from Tianjin asked her students to write compositions with simple language, but they came up with a lot of Internet jargons that she didn't understand.
"My 'GG' came back this summer from college. He told me I've grown up to be a 'PLMM'. I loved to 'FB' with him together; he always took me to the 'KPM'," went one composition. "GG" means Ge Ge (Chinese pinyin for brother). "PLMM" refers to Piao Liang Mei Mei (beautiful girl). "FB" means Fu Bai (corruption). "KPM" is short for KFC, Pizza Hut and McDonald's.
Some specialists welcome Internet jargons as a new development in language.
If you do not even know what a Kong Long (dinosaur, referring to an ugly looking female) or a Qing Wa (frog, referring to an ugly looking male) is, you will possibly be regarded as a Cai Niao!
45. By writing the article, the writer tries to  ________ .
A. explain some Internet language          B. suggest common Internet language
C. laugh at the Beijing father               D. draw our attention to Internet language
46. What does the writer think about the term "PK"?
A. Fathers can't possibly know it.          B. The daughter should understand it.
C. Online game players may know it.       D. "Super Girl" shouldn't have used it.
47. The examples of the Beijing father and the Tianjin teacher are used to show that Internet jargons ________ .
A. are used not only online                   B. can be understood very well
C. are welcomed by all the people          D. cause trouble to our mother tongue
48. The underlined word "jargons" means " ________ " in Chinese.
A. 行話               B. 粗口              C. 歌詞               D. 趨勢

查看答案和解析>>

科目:高中英語 來源:2013屆遼寧省本溪一中高三上學(xué)期第三次月考英語試卷(帶解析) 題型:閱讀理解

Is there something that you've always wanted to try but just never had the time? Well, make plans to try it now since you are on summer vacation. Not all vacations call for taking a tour bus to take photos of famous landmarks. Some vacations allow you plenty of opportunities to learn.
The most difficult aspect of a learning vacation may be choosing one because the possibilities are endless. If you enjoy cooking, various companies can take you to Italy, France, Spain, Mexico or even Peru. Once there, you can learn to prepare the local cuisine(烹飪). Trips are often planned to fit in with local food festivals or special events.
The term “l(fā)earning vacation” often brings language to mind. The best way to learn a language is in an environment where it's spoken. Study Spanish, French or English. Or attempt a more unusual language like Polish, Estonian or Thai. You'll be able to learn about the country and absorb the culture at the same time.
If you are fond of sports, you can polish your skills or learn new ones. Golf and tennis schools welcome players of all levels. If you want a bigger thrill, you can learn to surf, go climbing or race cars. It's even possible to learn the art and techniques of bull fighting while on vacation!
You can also discover our inner artist.  Many places offer painting classes in different mediums. The scenic locations, of the schools offer plenty of subjects that provide inspiration for practice.
If you prefer capturing the world on film, take a photography vacation. Travel with a small group to photograph beautiful animals or scenery.  You can also practise your technique on people or at historical sights.
Once you decide on a vacation, choose a company carefully.  Request names of recent customers you can contact,  and then ask them for an evaluation. The more you know before you go,  the better prepared you'll be.  Then go out and learn something!
【小題1】Why is it hard for you to decide on a learning vacation?

A.Because it is hard for you to make plans.
B.Because the possibilities are unlimited.
C.Because there are many good foods from abroad.
D.Because there're too many food festivals or events.
【小題2】The advantage of learning a language in its native country is that ________.
A.the environment is fit for you to use the language
B.you are able to learn the original foreign language
C. native speakers offer you a lot of chances to practise
D.you can learn the language and experience its culture
【小題3】Which of the following sports suits you if you don't like thrills?
A.Car racing.B.Playing tennis.
C.Rock climbing.D.Surfing.

查看答案和解析>>

科目:高中英語 來源:2011年遼寧省瓦房店市高級中學(xué)高一下學(xué)期期末考試英語卷 題型:閱讀理解

Read the following advertisements and then choose the correct answers.

(China Daily, March 3, 1996) the biggest shopping center will open on March 8.Every body with today's China Daily will get a small present that day. You are welcome.
Telephone: 38990688; address: No. 6 Xidan Road ……
 
(ENGLISH NEWSPAPER, March 19) English Newspaper needs a foreign editor. He (She ) must have worked in China for more than 2 years. British nationality is necessary. The salary is $ 100,000 a year. The term is 3 years. In ten days this piece of  advertisement will not be useful.
Telephone: 3890666; addresses: No. 6 Xinling Road …
 
(CHINA FOOTBALL, February 3, 1996)
Shanghai Shenhua Team Vs Beijing Guo'an Team
TIME: February 8.Sunday (3:00)   PLACE: Hongkou Stadium
TICKET PRICE; RMB 25 yuan (for adults ) RMB 15 yuan (for students)
NAME: China Cup Football Contest
COACHES: Xu Genbao, Jin Zhiyang …
【小題1】If an Englishman who has worked in China for 3 years comes to English Newspaper office to ask for the job in April, he will _____.
A.get the jobB.not get the job
C.be a good editorD.not be useful
【小題2】If three adults and six students went to watch the match, the tickets would cost them _____ yuan.
A.165B.135C.196D.255
【小題3】Which of the following is NOT TRUE?
A.The shopping center is at NO. 6 Xidan road.
B.The telephone number of English Newspaper is 3890666.
C.The match was between Beijing Team and Guo'an Team.
D.Xu Genbao is a coach.

查看答案和解析>>

科目:高中英語 來源:江蘇省南京市2010屆高三考前訓(xùn)練題 題型:任務(wù)型閱讀

請認(rèn)真閱讀下列短文,并根據(jù)所讀內(nèi)容在文章后表格中的空格里填入最恰當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~。注意:每空格1個單詞。

What is eco­fashion?Eco-fashion is about making clothes that take into account the environment, the health of consumers and the working conditions of people in the fashion industry.  It is a complex phenomenon and the common use of the term covers two aspects of fashion —‘ecological’ and ‘ethical’.Ecological fashion usually refers to textile (織物) and clothing production processes and the environmental issues surrounding them;ethical fashion generally relates to the working conditions involved in the producing processes.

What are the problems with fashion?A closer look at the fashion industry points out many problems that are common practices in the creation of our fashions from the field to the factory. Firstly,the production of textiles pollutes the environment heavily. Cotton­planting uses pesticides;sheep­farming and wool­cleaning contribute to global warming;synthetics­making (人造纖維生產(chǎn)) brings about waste which does harm to our environment. Secondly,every stage of clothing production has a significant effect on the environment. They all use a great deal of energy,and some also involve harmful chemicals. In addition to this,there is a lot of waste produced in the process,especially in the form of polluted water. Thirdly,growing consumption levels and our shopping habits further worsen the bad effects. We are now buying clothes in increasing quantities without realizing the scale on which it affects natural environment,and we are also quick to throw away clothes that have been worn only a couple of times.

Then,how to solve the problems? Other industries that design products are ahead of the fashion industry when it comes to choosing sustainable materials, designing for minimum waste, choosing energy efficient manufacturing and creating products for longevity. The fashion industry has been slow to adopt these changes and part of the problem is the very nature of fashion. To a large degree,it is the fashion producers that really have the power and the responsibility to shape our future. There are numerous ways in which these producers can reduce their ecological footprint,from switching to green energy and reducing energy use,through selecting sustainable materials and choosing local suppliers,to recycle and minimize waste. On the other hand,as consumers we can all make contributions by selecting environmentally friendly clothing and reducing clothing consumption.

There is some concern that eco friendly fashions are just a trend that we will eventually grow tired of but we can make sure that doesn't happen. Now many people are beginning to shop for organic food products because the benefits of eating food free of chemicals are straightforward and immediate. They relate directly to our personal health. In fact, choosing eco­fashion can also contribute to our personal health, though it is mostly done by way of keeping the health of the planet.

 

 

 

                   Why choose eco-fashion?

 

 

  71  of fashion

 

       

 

Ecological

 

Textile & clothing production processes;

Issues related to   72 

Ethical

 

Working   73   involved

 

 

 

 

Problems with fashion

 

 

 

 

 

Textile   74 

 

Cotton-planting: use of pesticides;

Sheep­farming & wool­cleaning: global warming;

Synthetics-making:   75   waste

 

 

Clothing production

 

 

Producing a lot of waste;

Using harmful chemicals;

  76   a great deal of energy

 

Consumption levels & shopping habits

 

New clothes: bought in increasing quantities

 

Old clothes:   77   away quickly

 

 

 

  78   to problems

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fashion producers

 

 

 

Ways to recycle and   79   waste:

 Switching to green energy;

Reducing energy use;

Selecting sustainable materials;

Choosing local suppliers

 

___80__

 

 

Selecting environmentally friendly clothing

Reducing clothing consumption

            Choosing eco­fashion can contribute to our personal health.

             

 

查看答案和解析>>

科目:高中英語 來源:2010年重慶市高一上學(xué)期期中考試英語卷 題型:完型填空

It was the beginning of a new term. As a(n)   36   teacher in that school, I didn’t know any of the students. A little girl was   37   at the gate of the classroom. She looked very   38  .

I walked up to her and asked   39   she stood there. But she said   40  . Instead, a boy shouted, “She is from Grade Four, the   41   student in her grade.” I looked at the little girl, who didn’t seem to be the smart kind. I   42   why her teacher asked her to stay in Grade Three. I took her hand and   43   her into the classroom.

“Sit here. Now you are my student and I’m your teacher,” I said. She   44   said nothing, but she burst into tears.

I later learnt that her parents   45   in a car accident, and she had   46   talking to others since then. She learnt very   47  . I gave her respect and never   48   her as I know everybody deserves (值得) respect. I   49   her after school, and she was making   50   little by little. I encouraged her and as   51   went by, she was not as shy as before. At the end of the term, she seemed to have forgotten all her   52  . She was not one of the best students when she left that school,   53   at least, she was not that shy and sad little girl any longer.

In the following   54  , she would send me a card on each Thanksgiving Day. Three days ago, I received a(n)   55   to her wedding. And now, I am at her wedding, and she is smiling brightly.

Everyone deserves respect and everyone can be happy!

1.A. old                  B. new                  C. good            D. famous

2.A. smiling              B. sitting                C. standing           D. crying

3.A. tall                B. shy                  C. beautiful          D. kind

4.A. if                    B. when               C. why              D. how

5.A. something             B. anything               C. nothing             D. everything

6.A. worst                B. shortest               C. ugliest             D. smartest

7.A. remembered        B. thought                C. asked             D. understood

8.A. threw                B. pushed                C. pulled              D. led

9.A. firstly                 B. still                   C. surprisingly     D. finally

10.A. fought             B. disappeared            C. met              D. died

11.A. kept             B. stopped             C. advised         D. forgot

12.A. fast                      B. widely                  C. slowly              D. quietly

13.A. played jokes with   B. thought highly of C. took care of     D. looked down upon

14.A. helped            B. served                C. chose           D. pleased

15.A. progress                  B. happiness                   C. marks              D. surprises

16.A. dreams            B. efforts                 C. energy        D. time

17.A. joy                 B. sadness                C. past            D. anger

18.A. since                   B. because               C. so                 D. but

19.A. hours              B. years                  C. months          D. days

20.A. invitation                 B. card                 C. key               D. letter

 

查看答案和解析>>

同步練習(xí)冊答案