Of all systems of symbols, language is the most highly developed. It has been pointed out that human beings, by agreement, can make anything stand for anything. Human beings have agreed, in the course of centuries of mutual (相互的) dependency, to let the various noises that they can produce with their lungs, throats, tongues, teeth, and lips systematically stand for certain happenings in their nervous system. We call that system of agreements language.
There is no necessary connection between the symbol and that which it stands for. Just as social positions can be symbolized by feathers worn on the head, by gold on the watch chain, or by a thousand other things according to the culture we live in, so the fact of being hungry can be symbolized by a thousand different noises according to the culture we live in.
However obvious these facts may appear at first glance, they are actually not so obvious as they seem except when we take special pains to think about the subject. Symbols and the things they stand for are independent of each other, yet we all have a way of feeling as if, and sometimes acting as if, there were necessary connections. For example, there are people who feel that foreign languages are unreasonable by nature: foreigners have such funny names for things, and why can’t they call things by their right names? This feeling exhibits itself most strongly in those English and American tourists who seem to believe that they can make the natives of any country understand English if they shout loud enough. Like the little boy who is reported to have said: “Pigs are called pigs because they are such dirty animals,” they feel that the symbol is inherently (內(nèi)在地) connected in some way with the things symbolized.
1. Language is a highly developed system of symbols because human beings _______.
A. have made use of language for centuries
B. use our nervous system to support language
C. have made various noises stand for any events
D. can make anything stand for anything by agreement
2. What can we conclude from Paragraph 2?
A. Different noises may mean different things.
B. Our culture determines what a symbol stands for.
C. The language we use symbolizes our social positions.
D. Our social positions determine the way we are dressed.
3. In Paragraph 3, the underlined words “take special pains” probably means “______”.
A. try very hard B. take our time
C. are very unhappy D. feel especially painful
4. The example of the little boy is used to show that ____________.
A. adults often learn from their young
B. “pig” is a dirty word because pigs are dirty
C. words are not connected with the things they stand for
D. people sometimes have wrong idea about how language works
5. What does the writer of this passage think of language?
A. appreciative B. depreciative
C. neutral D. unknown
科目：高中英語 來源：2004年高考紅皮書·英語 題型：050
閱讀理解
Jupiter's Moons and How They TravelThe many moons of Jupiter travel around the planet in different directions.
Jupiter is the largest planet in our solar system. Over the years, scientists have found that Jupiter has its own small solar sys tem. Earth has one moon. Jupiter has at least sixteen and probably more.
Since there were so many moons, scientists began to number them. The numerals ( numbers ) tell the sequence, or order, in which the moons were found. They were slower to name the moons. All of Jupiter's moons raw have a name as well as a number.
The first five moons to be discovered are known as the “inner moons”. But they are not the closest to the planet. The closest is only 127600 kilometers away from Jupiter. All the inner moos circle the planet in courtier-clockwise direction, that is, opposite of the hands of a clock.
Jupiter's middle group of moons ere at least 11100000 kilometers fin the planet. They also eve in a counter-clockwise motion (moving). The four farthest moots are at least 20,700,000 kilometres away. These are called “outer moons”. They circle in a clockwise motion.
How marry more moons do you think will be discovered?
1．What does“solar system”in this article mean? ________.
[ ]
2．Things that travel in the same direction as the hands of a clack are said to be traveling in a ________.
[ ]
A．clockwise direction
B．counter-clockwise direction
C．same direction
D．different direction
3．Jupiter's ________ group of moons travel in a clockwise direction.
[ ]
4．The number given to Jupiter's moons tell ________.
[ ]
A．the order in which they were discovered
B．the order in which they travel
C．the order of their distance from Jupiter
D．the order of the names
5．According to the passage, which of the following statements is true?________.
[ ]
A．None of Jupiter's moons have names
B．Most of Jupiter's moons circle clockwise
C．Jupiter's inner moors were discovered first
D．Jupiter is the nearest planet to the earth
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科目：高中英語 來源：英語教研室 題型：050
So long as teachers fail to distinguish between teaching and learning, they will continue to undertake to do for children that which only children can do for themselves. Teaching children to read is not passing reading on to them. It is certainly not endless hours spent in activities about reading. Douglas insists that“reading cannot be taught directly and schools should stop trying to do the impossible”.
Teaching and learning are two entirely different processes. They differ in
kind and function. The function of teaching is to create the conditions and the climate that will make it possible for children to devise the most efficient sys-tem for teaching themselves to read. Teaching is also a public activity: it can be seen and ob-served.
Learning to read involves all that each individual does to make sense of the world of printed language. Almost all of it is private, for learning is an occupation of the mind, and that process is not open to public scrutiny.
If roles of teacher and learner are not inter-changeable, what then can be done through teaching that will aid the child in the quest（探索）for knowledge? Smith has one principal rule for all teaching instructions.“Make learning to read easy, which means making reading a meaningful, enjoyable and frequent experience for children.”
When the roles of teachers and learners are seen for what they are, and when both teachers and learners fulfill them appropriately, then much of the pressure and feeling of failure for both is eliminated. Learning to read is made easier when teachers create an environment where children are given the opportunity to solve the problem of learning to read by reading.
(1) The problem with the reading course as mentioned in the paragraph is that ________.
[ ]
A．it is one of the most difficult school courses
B．students spend endless hours in reading
C．reading tasks are assigned with little guidance
D．too much time is spent in teaching about reading
(2) The teaching of reading will be successful if ________.
[ ]
A．teachers can improve conditions at school for the students
B．teachers can enable students to develop their own way of reading
C．teachers can devise the most efficient sys-tem for reading
D．too much time is spent in teaching activities observable
(3) The word“scrutiny”(Line 5 Para. 3) most probably means ________.
[ ]
(4) The main idea of the passage is that ________.
[ ]
A．teachers should do as little as possible in helping students learn to read
B．teachers should encourage students to read as widely as possible
C．reading ability is something acquired rather than taught
D．reading is more complicated than generally believed
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科目：高中英語 來源： 題型：053
So long as teachers fail to distinguish between teaching and learning, they will continue to undertake to do for children that which only children can do for themselves. Teaching children to read is not passing reading on to them. It is certainly not endless hours spent in activities about reading. Douglas insists that“reading cannot be taught directly and schools should stop trying to do the impossible”.
Teaching and learning are two entirely different processes. They differ in
kind and function. The function of teaching is to create the conditions and the climate that will make it possible for children to devise the most efficient sys-tem for teaching themselves to read. Teaching is also a public activity: it can be seen and ob-served.
Learning to read involves all that each individual does to make sense of the world of printed language. Almost all of it is private, for learning is an occupation of the mind, and that process is not open to public scrutiny.
If roles of teacher and learner are not inter-changeable, what then can be done through teaching that will aid the child in the quest（探索）for knowledge? Smith has one principal rule for all teaching instructions.“Make learning to read easy, which means making reading a meaningful, enjoyable and frequent experience for children.”
When the roles of teachers and learners are seen for what they are, and when both teachers and learners fulfill them appropriately, then much of the pressure and feeling of failure for both is eliminated. Learning to read is made easier when teachers create an environment where children are given the opportunity to solve the problem of learning to read by reading.
(1) The problem with the reading course as mentioned in the paragraph is that ________.
[ ]
A．it is one of the most difficult school courses
B．students spend endless hours in reading
C．reading tasks are assigned with little guidance
D．too much time is spent in teaching about reading
(2) The teaching of reading will be successful if ________.
[ ]
A．teachers can improve conditions at school for the students
B．teachers can enable students to develop their own way of reading
C．teachers can devise the most efficient sys-tem for reading
D．too much time is spent in teaching activities observable
(3) The word“scrutiny”(Line 5 Para. 3) most probably means ________.
[ ]
(4) The main idea of the passage is that ________.
[ ]
A．teachers should do as little as possible in helping students learn to read
B．teachers should encourage students to read as widely as possible
C．reading ability is something acquired rather than taught
D．reading is more complicated than generally believed
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