Question

The question of whether war is inevitable is one which has concerned many of the world’s great writers. Before1 this question, it will be useful to introduce some2concepts. Conflict,3 as opposition among social units-or individuals-directed against one another, is4from competition, which5 opposition among social units6seeking to obtain something which is7 inadequate supply. Competitors may not know about one another, which those who8in a conflict do. Conflict and competition are both9 of opposition. The meaning of opposition has been stated as a process by which social unit function in the disservice of one another, opposition is10contrasted to cooperation, a11 by which social units function in the service of one another. These12are necessary because it is important to emphasize that competition between individuals or groups is inevitable in a world of limited13 , but conflict isn’t . Conflict, nevertheless, is very likely to occur and is probably an essential and desirable14of human societies.
Many authors have15 their arguments that war cannot be avoided on the idea that in the struggle for existence among groups of animals, only those which are best16remain alive. In general, however, this struggle in nature is competition, not conflict. Those who fail in this competition17 starve
to death or are18 by other types of animals. This struggle for19is not similar to human war, but is like the competition of20 for jobs, markets, and materials. The most important quality of this struggle is the competition for the necessities of life that are not enough to satisfy all.

1. 1.
   1. A.
      considering
   2. B.
      solving
   3. C.
      answering
   4. D.
      saying
2. 2.
   1. A.
      related
   2. B.
      used
   3. C.
      translated
   4. D.
      sacred
3. 3.
   1. A.
      specified
   2. B.
      remarked
   3. C.
      defined
   4. D.
      claimed
4. 4.
   1. A.
      variable
   2. B.
      distinguished
   3. C.
      various
   4. D.
      isolated
5. 5.
   1. A.
      acknowledged
   2. B.
      denies
   3. C.
      assumes
   4. D.
      means
6. 6.
   1. A.
      critically
   2. B.
      approximately
   3. C.
      independently
   4. D.
      costly
7. 7.
   1. A.
      on
   2. B.
      for
   3. C.
      with
   4. D.
      in
8. 8.
   1. A.
      enter
   2. B.
      participate
   3. C.
      fall
   4. D.
      involve
9. 9.
   1. A.
      formations
   2. B.
      classes
   3. C.
      terms
   4. D.
      reactions
10. 10.
    1. A.
       nevertheless
    2. B.
       however
    3. C.
       thus
    4. D.
       maybe
11. 11.
    1. A.
       procession
    2. B.
       standard
    3. C.
       process
    4. D.
       measurement
12. 12.
    1. A.
       accounts
    2. B.
       definitions
    3. C.
       descriptions
    4. D.
       explanations
13. 13.
    1. A.
       resources
    2. B.
       origins
    3. C.
       sources
    4. D.
       materials
14. 14.
    1. A.
       matter
    2. B.
       element
    3. C.
       event
    4. D.
       coincidence
15. 15.
    1. A.
       concentrated
    2. B.
       fixed
    3. C.
       centered
    4. D.
       based
16. 16.
    1. A.
       encouraged
    2. B.
       accepted
    3. C.
       adapted
    4. D.
       adopted
17. 17.
    1. A.
       not only
    2. B.
       either
    3. C.
       neither
    4. D.
       both
18. 18.
    1. A.
       killed
    2. B.
       raised
    3. C.
       fired
    4. D.
       surrounded
19. 19.
    1. A.
       resistence
    2. B.
       privilege
    3. C.
       favour
    4. D.
       employment
20. 20.
    1. A.
       workers
    2. B.
       officials
    3. C.
       individuals
    4. D.
       residents

Answer 1

AACBD CDBBC CBABD CBAAC
1.A 考慮這個問題之前，有必要介紹一些與之相關的概念。
2.A “相關的概念”，應用related。
3.C  define, “解釋”，“下定義”，后面經(jīng)常接as; specify,“指定”，“指明”。The regulations specify that you may use a dictionary in the examination。remark,“說”。claim,“要求承認某人之身份，所有權”。Does anyone claim this umbrella? 有沒有人認領這把傘？沖突，指的是社會單位，團體或個人之間的對抗。它與“競爭”不同。競爭指的是社會單位間為奪取一種不足夠的供應而進行的對抗。
4.B   distinguish from區(qū)別，不同；variable與various(多樣的)后面一般不接from; isolated “與……隔離開來”。
5.D 對前面competition的解釋，“意味著”。
6.C  critically批判地；approximately大致地；independently 獨立地；不受控制地；costly形容詞，昂貴的。根據(jù)文中含義，“競爭對手各自尋求物質，所以才會有沖突”。所以此外選C為宜。
7.D   in short(inadequate) supply“缺乏的”為固定搭配，一般不用其它介詞。
8.B   enter in登記姓名，細節(jié)等。例：enter in an item in an account book將一筆賬記入賬本；fall in陷入，例fall in love with sb. involve in“卷入”，一般為卷入某個事件；participate in參與。競爭者們可能彼此不了解，而沖突者們則熟識對方。
9.B   formation,構成;terms,術語;reactions,反映;classes在此處指“種類，類別”。沖突和競爭都屬于對抗。
10.C  選這類連接副詞時，關鍵是弄清句與句之間意義關系。上句講到對抗就是彼此不服務。這句講到合作就是彼此服務。他們之間連接詞自然就是“因此”了，因此他們相反。對抗與合作相反。合作指的是社會單位互相服務。
11.C  procession隊伍，行列；standard標準；process過程；measurement衡量。上句中談到對抗是彼此不服務時，用的是“a process by which social...”,此處與上句這部分結構完全相同，就可套用process一詞。
12.B  accounts敘述；definitions，定義，概念；descriptions,描述；explanations，解釋。文章第二句話是第一自然段主題句：介紹幾個概念，然后作者分別介紹。本題中用these definitions“這些概念”則與上文渾然一體。對這些定義的理解非常必要，因為有必要強調(diào)，個人或團體之間的競爭在這個資源有限的世界是難免的，而沖突則是可免的。
13.A  resource資源，指國家、人類或個人所擁有的人力及物力，例：We must exploit the natural resources of our country. 我們必須開發(fā)本國的天然資源。source指河的源頭：the source of Nile尼羅河的發(fā)源地。source還指出處，來源，例：The news comes from a reliable source.這項消息出自可靠的來源。origin起源，the origin of a quarrel 爭吵的起因。此空前為a world of limited一個有限資源的世界，因此選A。
14.B 沖突很可能發(fā)生，它可能是人類社會必不可少、值得得到的要素。
15.D  base...on... 把……建立在……上。
16.C 只有那些適應（能力）強的才活下來。
17.B 看到or就會想到either; not only...but also; neither...nor...,both...and都是固定搭配。在競爭中失敗的動物，要不就是餓死，要不就被別的動物殺死。
18.A 由前句starve to death和or可知，此處應同death意義相近。
19.A 為生存的抗爭不同于人類戰(zhàn)爭。
20.C  由后面的jobs, markets and materials可知，此處應填“個人”。 workers, officials和residents（居民）都以偏概全。