Is language, like food, a basic human need without which a child at a critical period of life can be starved and damaged? Judging from the experiment of Frederick in the thirteenth century, it may be. Hoping to discover what language a child would speak if he heard no mother tongue, he told the nurses to keep silent.
All the infants died before the first year. But clearly there was more than lack of language here. What was missing was mothering. Without good mothering, in the first year of life especially, the capacity to survive is seriously affected.
Today no such severe lack exists as that ordered by Frederick. Nevertheless, some children are still backward in speaking. Most often the reason for this is that the mother is insensitive to the signals of the infant, whose brain is programmed to learn language rapidly. If there sensitive periods are neglected, the ideal time for acquiring skills passes and they might never be learned so easily again. A bird learns to sing and to fly at the right time, but the process is slow and hard once the critical stage has passed.
Experts suggest that speech stages are reached in a fixed order and at a constant age, but there are cases where speech has started late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ. At twelve weeks a baby smiles and makes vowel-like sounds; at twelve months they can speak simple words and understand simple commands; at eighteen months he has a vocabulary of three to five words. At three he knows about 1,000 words, which he can put into sentences, and at four his language differs from that of his parents in style rather than grammar.
Recent evidence suggests that an infant is born with the capacity to speak. What is special about man’s brain, compared with that of the monkey, is the complex system which enables a child to connect the sight and feel of, say, a toy-bear with the sound pattern “toy bear”. And even more incredible is the young brain’s ability to pick out an order in language from the mixture of sound around him, to analyze, to combine and recombine the parts of a language in new ways.
But speech has to be induced（激發(fā)，引起）, and this depends on interaction between the mother and the child, where the mother recognizes the signals in the children’s babbling（咿呀聲）,grasping and smiling, and responds to them. Insensitivity of the mother to these signals dulls the interaction because the child gets discouraged and sends out only the obvious signals. Sensitivity to the child’s nonverbal signals is essential to the growth and development of language.
小題1:The writer mentioned the experiment of Frederick to __________.
| A．support his idea | B．introduce his topic |
| C．describe a new finding | D．give an example of his theory |
小題2:The purpose of Frederick’s experiment was to __________.
| A．prove that children are born with the ability to speak |
| B．discover what language a child would speak without hearing any human speech |
| C．find out what role careful nursing would play in teaching a child to speak |
| D．prove that a child could be damaged without learning a language |
小題3:The reason why some children are backward in speaking is most probably that ________.
| A．they are not able to learn language rapidly |
| B．they are exposed to too much language at once |
| C．their mothers do not respond enough to their attempts to speak |
| D．their mothers are not clever enough to help them |
小題4: If a child starts to speak later than others, he will __________ in future.
| A．have a high IQ | B．be less intelligent |
| C．be insensitive to verbal signals | D．not necessarily be backward |
小題5: Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?
| A．A child is born with the ability to speak. |
| B．A child’s brain has a complex system which helps to connect the sight and feel of an object. |
| C．A child can produce his own sentences. |
| D．A child owes his speech ability to good nursing. |
小題6: According to the passage, the writer agrees that__________.
| A．the infants will certainly die because of lack of language. |
| B．a(chǎn)ll children learn their language in fixed stages |
| C．the child’s brain is highly selective |
| D．insensitivity to the child’s non-verbal signals will not affect the development of the child’s language |
