The amount of time children spend in institutional care（機(jī)構(gòu)式照顧）may affect how their brains develop. That’s the conclusion of a new study carried out by researchers at the University of Wisconsin, Harvard Medical School and the University of Minnesota. The study is published in Child Development in the journal’s January/ February 2010 issue.

To learn how the lack of care and material needs that institutionalized children often experience affect brain development, the researchers looked at 132 8- and 9-year-olds. Some of them were adopted into U.S. homes after spending at least a year and three quarters of their lives in institutions in Asia, Latin America, Russia and Eastern Europe, and Africa. Others were adopted by the time they were 8 months old into U.S. homes from foster care（寄養(yǎng)）in Asia and Latin America; most of these children had spent no time in institutional care, while some had spent a month or two in institutions prior to foster placement. On average, the internationally adopted children had been living with their families for more than 6 years. These children were compared to a group of American children raised in their birth families.

Children adopted early from foster care didn't differ from children raised in their birth families in the United States. Children adopted from institutional care performed worse than those raised in families on tests measuring visual memory and attention, learning visual information, and impulse （沖動(dòng)）control. Yet these children performed at developmentally appropriate levels on tests involving sequencing and planning.

The take-home message: Children make tremendous advances in cognitive（認(rèn)知的） functioning once they reach their adoptive families, but the early impact on their brains' development is difficult to change completely.

"We identified basic learning processes that are affected by early institutionalization," notes Seth Pollak, professor of psychology and pediatrics at the University of Wisconsin, who was the study's lead author. "Policies that speed the time in which children can be removed from institutionalized care so they can develop within family contexts should be implemented to decrease the likelihood of learning problems later in children's lives."

1．The passage is mainly written to      .

       A．compare two childcare systems            B．criticize the institutional childcare

       C．present a new research finding              D．introduce the basic learning process

2．Children have their brain development affected in institutional care because       .

       A．they suffer form poor living conditions

       B．they spend too much time learning

       C．they don’t have freedom staying there

       D．they are neither physically nor mentally satisfied

3．Compared with home-raised children, institutionalized children didn’t do as well in tasks like    .

       A．thinking in pictures and self-control

       B．working in teams and self-expression

       C．putting things in order and self-defense

       D．a(chǎn)dapting to the environment and self-panning.

4．It can be concluded form the passage that         .

       A．the United States is a good place for children’s all-round development

       B．a(chǎn) perfect family is beneficial to children’s all-round development

       C．children in institutional care can hardly achieve anything great

       D．nothing has been done to help children in institutional care

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科目：高中英語 來源：2014屆海南瓊海嘉積中學(xué)高二上教學(xué)質(zhì)量監(jiān)測(cè)（三）英語試卷（解析版） 題型：完型填空

My grandson is seven now. He lives 100 miles away. He  36 my mobile phone number when he was only four.  37 , he has called me every night.

He also  38  calls me at other times during the day just to  39  a happy or sad moment. Many times he is holding a basketball with one hand, or  40  with a friend about something I don’t quite  41 , or crying about something. I just  42  and laugh or cry with him — just share his emotion. I always let him be in  43  of the conversation, the emotion, and the amount of time he’s on the  44  with me. Many times I just listen to him  45  or listen while he does his homework aloud.

The  46  time I take control of the conversation is when he’s  47  to say goodbye at night. Then I say, “I love you, baby”. One  48  I thought maybe he was  49  of hearing those words, so I didn’t say them. He immediately called me back and told me that I  50  to say the sentence! Since then I have never  51  saying it again!

All my friends know he takes precedence over (比……重要) all other things. If I’m at a place where I really can’t take his  52 , I always excuse myself and  53  tell him I’ll call him back in a few minutes. I want him to know that he takes first place in my  54 .

Every child needs at least one  55  in their life to listen and share with. I am glad to give my grandson the love he needs.

1.                A．memorized      B．kept           C．noticed   D．wrote

 

2.                A．Once again      B．Since then       C．Later on  D．Shortly after

 

3.                A．briefly          B．directly         C．instantly D．frequently

 

4.                A．express         B．discuss         C．share D．mark

 

5.                A．comparing      B．laughing        C．studying D．quarrelling

 

6.                A．understand      B．enjoy          C．believe   D．remember

 

7.                A．look           B．talk            C．sit   D．listen

 

8.                A．charge         B．need           C．support   D．face

 

9.                A．conversation    B．phone          C．way  D．game

 

10.               A．play           B．sleep          C．lie   D．a(chǎn)ct

 

11.               A．last            B．only           C．perfect    D．right

 

12.               A．willing          B．determined     C．ready     D．eager

 

13.               A．day            B．night           C．weekend D．morning

 

14.               A．a(chǎn)fraid          B．tired           C．a(chǎn)ware     D．a(chǎn)shamed

 

15.               A．decided        B．learnt          C．a(chǎn)greed    D．forgot

 

16.               A．escaped        B．failed          C．missed    D．denied

 

17.               A．invitation       B．call            C．help D．a(chǎn)ttention

 

18.               A．naturally        B．politely         C．simply     D．happily

 

19.               A．work          B．brain          C．a(chǎn)ppointment    D．heart

 

20.               A．friend          B．grandparent     C．a(chǎn)dult D．teacher

 

 

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科目：高中英語 來源：2013屆江蘇南京三中（六中校區(qū)）高二下學(xué)期期末英語試卷（解析版） 題型：閱讀理解

You can be proud of yourselves, even if you can only make one or two of these green changes. The goal here is to limit carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, which are closely associated to the big problem of global-warming.

Strategy 1:  Bring your own cup to Starbucks

You'll get a 10-cent discount, and it's one less paper cup to end up in a dustbin

The store won't create more waste when they throw away a cup

Strategy 2: Turn off your computer

When in standby mode, your PC is still using energy

Turning off a monitor for 40 hours a week may only save $ 5 a month, but it reduces CO2 by 750 pounds

Strategy 3:  Reuse plastic bags

Instead of throwing away 100 billion plastic bags a year, try and get a second, third, or tenth use out of them. Better yet, next time you shop, try a reusable bag

You're reducing pollution. The amount of oil it would take to make just 14 plastic bags would run your car for one mile

Strategy 4: Use recycled paper in the bathroom

Most of the toilet paper we use is made from  trees found in forests previously untouched by humans

If every household replaced one roll of toilet paper with a recycled one,424,000trees would still be standing. Look for eco paper towels too

Strategy 5: Buy energy-efficient appliances(電器)

Replace the old fridge with an Energy Star appliance and you'll use 15 percent less energy. It might be a little expensive to buy, but  you'll save money on your electricity bills and help the environment

If we all used one Energy Star appliance at home, it would be like planting 1.7 million acres of new trees

Strategy 6: Plant a tree

Adding green to your garden is beautiful and earth-pleasing

Just one tree will help make cleaner air and save the environment from 5, 000 pounds of hot carbon dioxide each year

1.What is the best title for the passage?

A．Strategies to Save Money

B．Ways to be Earth-Friendly

C．Strategies to End Global-Warming

D．Ways to Limit Carbon Dioxide

2.According to the writer, what will happen if our PC is switched off when not in use?

A．It will help to save a large amount of money.

B．It will help to reduce a great deal of CO2.

C．It will save the amount of oil that runs your car for a mile.

D．It will be like planting 1.7 million acres of new trees.

3.Which strategies suggest recycling or reuse of things?

A．Strategies 1 & 3.

B．Strategies 2 & 5.

C．Strategies 3 & 6.

D．Strategies 4 & 5.

4.What benefits do these strategies have in common?

A．They all help reduce the use of energy like electricity.

B．They all cut down the amount of the use of paper.

C．They all result in producing less greenhouse gases.

D．They all aid to preserve our trees and forest.

 

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科目：高中英語 來源：2014屆四川省成都市高一5月月考英語試卷（解析版） 題型：閱讀理解

Taiwan police cannot decide whether to treat it as an extremely act of stealing or an even cheat. Either way, it could be the perfect crime, because the criminals are birds—homing pigeons !

The crime begins with a telephone message to the owner of a stolen car: if you want the car back, pay up. Then, the car owner is directed to a park, told where to find a bird cage and how to attach money to the neck of the pigeon inside. Carrying the money in a tiny bag, the pigeon flies off.

There have been at least four such pigeon pick-ups in Changwa. What at first seemed like the work of a clever stay-at-home car thief, however,  may in fact be the work of an even lazier and more inventive criminal mind—one that avoids not only collecting money but also going out to steal the car in the first place. Police officer Chen says that the criminal probably has pulled a double trick: he gets money for things he cannot possibly return. Instead of stealing cars, he lets someone else do it and then waits for the car-owner to place an advertisement in the newspaper asking for help.

The thought is supported by the fact that, so far, none of the stolen cars have been returned. Also, the amount of money demanded-under 3,000 Taiwanese dollars–seems too little for a car worth many times more.

Demands for pigeon-delivered money stopped as soon as the press reported the story. And even if they start again, Chen holds little hope of catching the criminal. “We have more important things to do,” he said.

1.After the car owner received a phone call, he _______.

A．went to a certain pigeon and put some money in the bag it carried

B．gave the money to the thief and had his car back in a park

C．sent some money to the thief by mail

D．told the press about it

2.The “l(fā)azier and more inventive” criminal refers to _______.

A．the car thief who stays at home

B．one of those who put the ads in the paper

C．one of the policemen in Changwa

D．the owner of the pigeons

3.The writer mentions the fact that “none of the stolen cars have been returned” to show _______.

A．how easily people get fooled by criminals

B．what Chen thinks might be correct

C．the thief is extremely clever

D．the money paid is too little

4.The underlined word “they” in the last paragraph refers to ____.

A．criminals

B．pigeons

C．the stolen cars

D．demands for money

5. We may infer from the text that the criminal knows how to reach the car owners because _______.

A．he reads the ads in the newspaper

B．he lives in the same neighborhood

C．he has seen the car owners in the park

D．he has trained the pigeons to follow them

 

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科目：高中英語 來源：湖北省荊門市20092010學(xué)年度高一上學(xué)期期末考試試卷（英語） 題型：短文填空

 

第二部分（共50分）

Ⅴ. 短文填空（共10小題；每小題1分，滿分10分）

選擇適當(dāng)?shù)脑~（組）并用適當(dāng)形式完成短文。每個(gè)詞（組）只使用一次，其中有兩個(gè)詞（組）是多余的。

 

leak out,     likely ,   keep ,   undoubted ,    though ,     in short ,

make use of  ,  never ,   say  ,   take ,        still ,       afford

 

 “You can learn English more efficiently if you spend 20 minutes a day for a week than if you spend two hours a day.” This is what a teacher usually 71  when he tells his students how to allot(分配)their time. But is it true?

Suppose you have a bucket with a small hole in its bottom. Now you are asked to fill the bucket with the water in a basin. If you are too little a boy to lift the basin full of water, you are sure 72   a bowl or something alike. You will dip out the water from the basin with the bowl and pour it into the bucket .You may dip from the basin again and again. However, you will soon find that as soon as you pour a bowl of water into the bucket , most of the water 73  through the hole , so you are 74   able to fill up the bucket this way.

On the contrary , if you are an adult, you will 75   lift the basin and pour the whole basin of water into the bucket at once. Now, the bucket is full. Though the water in it is also leaking out, you at least have filled up the bucket with water. If you want to 76   the bucket full, you only have to add a bowl of water now and then .

The same is true of English learning. Let us 77  a simple example. If you learn 10 new words today, you are most likely to remember 9 tomorrow. But if you try to learn 30 words today, though you may forget far more than one word , you may 78  be able to remember 11 or 12 words tomorrow.

Day in and day out , you will be able to remember a large number of words, 79  you may forget some of them.

 80  , the more time you spend at a time, the more you will learn on the whole. Of course, the amount of time you spend each time must be within the limit that you do not exhaust (使筋疲力盡)yourself .

 

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科目：高中英語 來源：江蘇省2010屆高三考前適應(yīng)性考試英語試題 題型：閱讀理解

 

One of the most difficult questions to answer is how much a job is worth. We naturally expect that a doctor’s salary will be higher than a bus conductor’s wage. But the question becomes much more difficult to answer when we compare, say, a miner with an engineer, or an unskilled man working on an oil-rig(鉆油機(jī)) in the North Sea with a teacher in a secondary school. What the doctor, the engineer and teacher have is many years of training in order to obtain the necessary qualifications for their professions. We feel instinctively that these skills and these years, when they were studying instead of earning money, should be rewarded. At the same time we recognize that the work of the miner and the oil-rig laborer is both hard and dangerous, and that they must be highly paid for the risks they take.

Another factor we must take into consideration is how socially useful a man’s work is, regardless of the talents he may bring to it. Most people would agree that looking after the sick or teaching children is more important than, say, selling secondhand cars or improving the taste of toothpaste by adding a red stripe to it. Yet it is almost certain that the used car salesman earns more than the nurse, and that research chemist earns more than the school teacher.

Indeed, this whole question of just rewards can be turned on its head. You can argue that a man who does a job which brings him personal satisfaction is already receiving part of his reward in the form of a so-called “psychic(精神的) wage”, and that it is the man with the boring, repetitive job who needs more money to make up for the soul-destroying monotony(單調(diào)) of his work. It is significant that that those jobs which are traditionally regarded as “vocations” --- nursing, teaching and the Church, for example --- continue to be poorly paid, while others, such as those in the world of sport or entertainment, carry financial rewards out of all proportion to their social worth.

Although the amount of money that people earn is in reality largely determined by market forces, this should not prevent us from seeking some way to decide what is the right pay for the job. A starting point for such an investigation would be to try to decide the ratio which ought to exist between the highest and the lowest paid. The picture is made more complicate by two factors: firstly by the “social wage”, i.e, the welfare benefits which every citizen receives; and secondly, by the taxation system, which is often used as an instrument of social justice by taxing high incomes at a very high rate indeed. Allowing for these two things, most countries now regard a ratio of 7:1 as socially acceptable. If it is less, the highly-qualified people carrying heavy responsibilities become disillusioned, and might even end up by emigration(移民) (the so-called “brain-drain” is an evidence that this can happen). If it is more, the gap between rich and poor will be so great that it will lead social tensions and ultimately to violence.

1. The professional man, such as the doctor, should be well paid because ______.

A. he has spent several years learning how to do his job

B. his work involves much great intelligence than, say, a bus conductor’s

C. he has to work much harder than most other people

D. he knows more than other people about his subject

2. The “brain-drain” is an evidence that ______.

A. well-educated people are prepared to emigrate whenever they can get a better paid job

B. people with jobs or responsibility expect to be highly paid

C. high taxation is a useful and effective instrument of social justice

D. the poor are generally more patriotic(愛國的) than the rich

3. As far as rewarding people for their work is concerned, the writer, believes that ______.

A. we should pay for socially-useful work, regardless of the person’s talent

B. we should pay people according to their talents

C. market forces will determine how much a person is paid

D. qualified people should be the highest paid

4. The argument of the “psychic wage” is used to explain why ______.

A. people who do socially important work are not always well paid

B. people who do monotonous jobs are highly paid

C. you should not try to compare the pay of different professions

D. some professional people are paid more than others

 

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