We typically associate the word “science” with a person in a white coat doing experiments in a laboratory. Ideally, experiments should play as big a role in the human sciences as they do in the natural sciences; but in practice this is not usually the case. The are at least three reasons for this.
1.Human scientists are often trying to make sense of complex real world situations in which it is simply impossible to run controlled experiment.
2.The artificiality of some of the experiments that can be conducted may make the behavior of the participants abnormal.
3.There are moral reasons for not conducting experiments that have a negative effect on the people who participate in them.
Faced with the above difficulties, what are human scientists to do? One solution is to wait for nature to provide the appropriate experimental conditions. We can, for example, learn something about how a normal brain functions by looking at people who have suffered brain damage; and we can gain some understanding into the roles played by genes and the environment by studying twins, who have been separated at birth and brought up in different families. In the case of economics, economic history can provide us with a bank of-admittedly not very well-controlled-experimental data.
However, human scientists do not just sit around waiting for natural experiments to arise. They also think of some experiments of their own. Suppose you want to know how a baby sees the world. We cannot, of course, ask the baby since it has not yet learnt to speak. So it might seem that all we can do is guess. People usually won’t change their mind until it was found out that babies tend to stare at surprising things longer than at unsurprising ones. This key understanding was like opening a window on to the developing mind. There was now a way of testing babies’ expectations and getting some idea of how they are six months old, babies can already do the following things: figuring out that objects consist of parts that move together being aware of the difference between living and non-living things and even doing simple arithmetic work.
60.What is true about the natural sciences and the human sciences according to this passage?
A.Both human scientists and natural scientists can run controlled experiments.
B.Experiments done by human scientists and natural scientists are artificial.
C.Both human and natural science experiments should be of the same importance.
D.It’s not moral to conduct human science experiments.
61.What do we know about human scientists from this passage?
A.They are white coat scientists.
B.They have more experimental sources than natural scientists.
C.They conduct experiments passively. W ww.k s5u.co m
D.They face more difficulties in carrying out their research.
62.Which of the following experiments belongs to human science experiment?
|
for a fun and easy science experiment. Try creating a
|
B. Taste Without Smell Put your senses to the test
with this simple experiment that shows the
importance of your sense of smell.
|
your lung volume by completing this experiment.
D. Make a Rainbow Use sunlight and water to
|
that will teach kids how rainbows work while they
enjoy a fun activity
63.What does the author tell us in this passage?
A.ABCs about the science experiment.
B.Some knowledge of science.
C.Some differences between the human sciences and the natural sciences.
D.The similarity of the natural sciences and the human sciences.
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科目:高中英語 來源: 題型:閱讀理解
根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容,從短文后的選項(xiàng)中選出能填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)。選項(xiàng)中有兩項(xiàng)為多余選項(xiàng)。
Over the last 25 years, British society has changed a great deal – or at least many parts of it have. 71 . Ideas about social class – whether a person is “working - class” or “middle - class” – are one area in which changes have been extremely slow.
In the past, the working-class tended to be paid less than middle-class people. The typical working man would collect his wages on Friday evening and then, it was widely believed, having given his wife her "housekeeping", would go out and squander the rest on beer and betting.
The old style of what a middle-class man did with his money was perhaps nearer the truth. He was-and still is - inclined to take a longer-term view. Not only did he regard buying a house as a most important thing, but he also considered the education of his children as extremely important. 72 . Only in very few cases did workers have the opportunity (or the education and training) to make such long-term plans.
73 . In a large number of cases factory workers earn as much as their middle – class supervisors (管理者). Social security and laws to improve century, have made it less necessary than before to worry about "tomorrow". Working-class people seem slowly to be losing the feeling of inferiority(自卑感). In fact there has been a growing tendency in the past few years for the middle-classes to feel slightly ashamed of their position.
74 .They generally tend to share very similar tastes in music and clothes, they spend their money in having a good time, and save for holidays or longer-term plans when necessary. There seems to be much less difference than in precious generations. 75 . As long as this gap exists, there will always be a possibility that new conflicts and jealousies will emerge, or rather that the old conflicts will re-appear, but between different groups.
A.Nowadays, a great deal has changed
B.Both of these provided him and his family with security
C.As a result, differences in life – styles and attitudes came into existence
D.However, we still have a wide gap between the well – paid and the low - paid
E.In recent years, the working – class people have begun to design long – term plans
F.In some ways, however, very little has changed, particularly where attitudes are concerned
G.The changes in both life – styles and attitudes are probably most easily seen amongst younger people
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科目:高中英語 來源:2008年普通高等學(xué)校招生全國(guó)統(tǒng)一考試重慶卷英語試題 題型:閱讀理解
E
Almost every day we come across situations in which we have to make decisions one way or another. Choice, we are given to believe, is a right. But for a good many people in the world. In rich and poor countries, choice is a luxury, something wonderful but hard to get, not a right. And for those who think they are exercising their right to make choices, the whole system is merely an illusion, a false idea created by companies and advertiser, hoping to sell their products.
The endless choice gives birth to anxiety in people’s lives. Buying something as basic as a coffee pot is not exactly simple. Easy access to a wide range of everyday goods leads to a sense of powerlessness in many people, ending in the shopper giving up and walking away, or just buying an unsuitable item(商品) that is not really wanted. Recent studies in England have shown that many electrical goods bought in almost every family are not really needed. More difficult decision-making is then either avoided or trusted into the hands of the professionals, lifestyle instructors, or advisors.
It is not just the availability of the goods that is the problem, but the speed with which new types of products come on the market. Advances in design and production help quicken the process Products also need to have a short lifespan so that the public can be persuaded to replace them within a short time. The typical example is computers, which are almost out-of-date once they are bought. This indeed makes selection a problem. Gone are the days when one could just walk with case into a shop and buy one thing; no choice, no anxiety.
【小題1】 What does the author try to argue in Paragraph 1?
A.The exercise of rights is a luxury. |
B.The practice of choice is difficult. |
C.The right of choice is given but at a price. |
D.Choice and right exist at the same time. |
A.Professionals find it hard to decide on a suitable product. |
B.People are likely to find themselves overcome by business persuasion. |
C.Shoppers may find themselves lost in the broad range of items. |
D.Companies and advertisers are often misleading about the rage of choice. |
A.a(chǎn)dvanced products meet the needs of people |
B.products of the latest design fold the market |
C.competitions are fierce in high-tech industry |
D.everyday goods need to be replaced often |
A.The variety of choices in modern society. |
B.The opinions on people’s right in different countries |
C.The Problems about the availability of everyday goods. |
D.The helplessness in purchasing decisions |
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科目:高中英語 來源:2011屆甘肅省天水市三中高三第六次檢測(cè)英語卷 題型:閱讀理解
Our plan was to drive into Cambridge, catch the 7:34 train to Liverpool Street Station, then to separate and meet again for lunch. We should have arrived at Liverpool at 9:19, but due to a typical London fog, the train had to move along so slowly that it was not until 10:30 that it got there. In spite of our late arrival, Joan, my wife’s sister, decided that she would go to see the Crown Jewels in the Tower of London while we went shopping. It was only after her sister had disappeared into the fog that my wife realized that we hadn’t decided where we should meet for lunch. Since I had our three tickets for the concert in my pocket, this was indeed a problem. There seemed to be nothing we could do except taking a taxi to the Tower of London, and try to find her there. Needless to say, we didn’t find her.
It was now one o’clock, and the concert began at 2:30. “Perhaps she will think of waiting outside the concert hall,” suggested my wife hopefully. By this time the fog was so thick that road traffic had to stop, and the only way to get there was by underground railway. Hand in hand we felt our way along the road to where we thought the nearest station should be. An hour later we were still trying to find it. Just as I was about to lose my temper completely when we met a blind man tapping his way confidently through the fog. With his help we found Tower Hill tube station just fifty yards down the road.
By now it was far too late even to try to get to the concert hall before the performance began at 2:30, so we decided to return to Cambridge. It took seven long hours instead of the usual two to make that journey. Nor were we able to get any food and drink on the train. Tired and hungry we finally reached home at ten, opening the door to the sound of the telephone bell. It was Joan; she had seen the Crown Jewels, had managed to get another ticket for concert, and had had a wonderful dinner at a restaurant near the hotel where she decided to stay for the night. Now she was ringing to discover whether we had had an equally successful day.
【小題1】 Why was Joan separated from her sister and her brother-in-law?
A.they could not see each other because of the fog. |
B.Joan had not seen Crown Jewels. |
C.They planned to do different things until lunch time. |
D.The writer didn’t want to go to the concert. |
A.Go to the concert. | B.See the Crown Jewels. |
C.Return to Cambridge. | D.Go shopping. |
A.They lost their way in the fog |
B.they forgot to make necessary arrangement |
C.they waited at different places and didn’t meet each other |
D.the couple couldn’t find the underground station |
A.spilt by the fog | B.quite tiring |
C.rather disappointing | D.very enjoyable |
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科目:高中英語 來源:2010-2011學(xué)年江西省德興一中高一下學(xué)期第一次月考英語卷 題型:閱讀理解
The past ages of man have all been carefully labeled by anthropologists. Descriptions like ‘Palaeolithic Man’, ‘Neolithic Man’, etc., neatly sum up whole periods. When the time comes for anthropologists to turn their attention to the twentieth century, they will surely choose the label ‘Legless Man’. Histories of the time will go something like this: ‘in the twentieth century, people forgot how to use their legs. Men and women moved about in cars, buses and trains from a very early age. There were lifts and escalators in all large buildings to prevent people from walking. This situation was forced upon earth dwellers of that time because of miles each day. But the surprising thing is that they didn’t use their legs even when they went on holiday. They built cable railways, ski-lifts and roads to the top of every huge mountain. All the beauty spots on earth were ruined by the presence of large car parks.’
The future history books might also record that we were deprived of the use of our eyes. In our hurry to get from one place to another, we failed to see anything on the way. Air travel gives you a bird’s-eye view of the world—or even less if the wing of the aircraft happens to get in your way. When you travel by car or train a blurred (="not" clear) image of the countryside constantly smears the windows. Car drivers, in particular, are forever obsessed with the urge to go on and on: they never want to stop. Is it the lure (引誘;誘惑) of the great motorways, or what? And as for sea travel, it hardly deserves mention. It is perfectly summed up in the words of the old song: ‘I joined the navy to see the world, and what did I see? I saw the sea.’ The typical twentieth-century traveler is the man who always says ‘I’ve been there. ’You mention the remotest, most evocative (引起記憶的) place-names in the world like El Dorado, Kabul, Irkutsk and someone is bound to say ‘I’ve been there’—meaning, ‘I drove through it at 100 miles an hour on the way to somewhere else.’
When you travel at high speeds, the present means nothing: you live mainly in the future because you spend most of your time looking forward to arriving at some other place. But actual arrival, when it is achieved, is meaningless. You want to move on again. By traveling like this, you suspend all experience; the present ceases to be a reality: you might just as well be dead. The traveler on foot, on the other hand, lives constantly in the present. For him traveling and arriving are one and the same thing: he arrives somewhere with every step he makes. He experiences the present moment with his eyes, his ears and the whole of his body. At the end of his journey he feels a delicious physical weariness. He knows that sound. Satisfying sleep will be his: the just reward of all true travellers.
【小題1】 Anthropologists label nowadays’ men ‘Legless’ because _________.
A.people forget how to use his legs. |
B.people prefer cars, buses and trains. |
C.lifts and escalators prevent people from walking. |
D.there are a lot of transportation devices. |
A.people’s focus on the future | B.a(chǎn) pleasure |
C.satisfying drivers’ great thrill | D.a(chǎn) necessity of life |
A.People won’t use their eyes. |
B.In traveling at high speeds, eyes become useless. |
C.People can’t see anything on his way of travel. |
D.People want to sleep during travelling. |
A.Legs become weaker. | |
B.Modern means of transportation make the world a small place. | |
C.There is no need to use eyes. | D.The best way to travel is on foot. |
A.See view with bird’s eyes. | B.A bird looks at a beautiful view. |
C.It is a general view from a high position looking down. | |
D.A scenic place. |
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科目:高中英語 來源:江西省高安中學(xué)09-10學(xué)年高一下學(xué)期期中考試(英語) 題型:閱讀理解
When scientists set out to explore the roots of human laughter, some apes(類人猿) were just tickled(胳肢)to help. That’s how researchers made a variety of apes and some human babies laugh. After analyzing the sounds, they concluded that people and great apes inherited laughter from a shared ancestor that lived more than 10 million years ago. Experts praised the work, it gives strong evidence that ape laughter and human laughter are related through evolution(進(jìn)化).
Scientists have noted that apes make characteristic sounds during play or while being tickled, especially to signal that they’re interested in playing. It’s been suggested before that human laughter grew out of primate(靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物) roots. But ape laughter doesn’t sound like human laughter. It may be slower noisy breathing. So what does that have to do with the human ha-ha? To investigate that, Marina Davila Ross and her colleagues carried out a detailed analysis of the sounds made by tickling three human babies and 21 other primates, apes included.
After measuring 11 features in the sound from each species, they tried to find out how these sounds appeared to be related to each other. The result looked like a family tree. Significantly, that tree matched the way the species themselves are related, the scientists reported online in the journal Current Biology. They also concluded that while human laughter sounds much different from ape laughter, their typical features could have come from the same ancestor.
Panksepp, who studies laughter-like responses in animals but didn’t participate in the new work, called the paper exciting. Panksepp’s own work concludes that even rats produce laughter in response to playing and tickling, with sounds that can hardly be heard by people. Robert Provine, a scientist, who wrote the book, Laughter: A Scientific Investigation, said the new paper showed some important clues, like ape sounds that hadn’t been realized before.
69. Why did the scientists analyze the laughter made by tickling human babies and apes?
A. To try to discover if they can make characteristic sounds.
B. To see if they interested in playing.
C. To find out if the laughter of apes and humans is related.
D. To find out the differences between humans and apes.
70. Based on Paragraph 3 we can know that researchers measured the features in the sound to ________.
A. find out ape sounds that hadn’t been realized before
B. find out relations among primates’ laughter
C. see what a family tree from each species looks like
D. make a report online in the journal Current Biology
71. What can be inferred from the last paragraph?
A. Panksepp spoke highly of the new research.
B. Rat laughter is likely to be related to ape laughter.
C. Robert Provine provided some new clues for the researchers.
D. Humans don’t enjoy listening to ape laughter.
72. What would be the best title for the passage?
A. Ape study explores evolution of laughter.
B. Apes like to laugh when being tickled.
C. Human laughter and ape laughter are different.
D. Laughter: A Scientific Investigation.
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