2.Before 1840architects and builders made buildings from stone,brick,or wood.The outside walls held up the weight of the building.A building that had more than a few stories became very heavy.A tall building,such as a castle,had very thick walls.
As time went by,architecture began to change.By 1850builders had begun to use a metal called iron for the fronts of some large buildings.Iron is lighter than stone and stronger than wood.People dig raw iron from the ground,but raw iron is not enough to use in buildings.Builders must use another type of iron called an alloy.
An alloy is a metal that contains different metals and other compounds,or mixtures of chemicals.The metals and compounds are melted and mixed together to form the alloy.To make an iron alloy,workers use a blast furnace.This machine creates great heat.It has a tall chamber that is lined with brick and open at the top.Workers put limestone,raw iron,and coke (a substance made from coal) into the top of the furnace.They force hot air into the bottom of the furnace.The hot air and a chemical reaction turn the materials into a liquid mass.Workers pour off waste liquid,called slag,and save the iron.Then they form the hot iron into large blocks called pigs,which can be formed into objects.This formed iron is called cast iron.
Cast iron is strong,but it still contains unwanted materials.People wanted to remove these impurities.To do this,they needed to heat the iron to very high temperature.Blast furnaces could not make that much heat.
In England in 1855,Sir Henry Bessemer found the solution.He forced air through liquid pig iron.The oxygen in the air mixed with the impurities in the iron in a process called oxidation.Oxidation creates heat.The heat turns impurities into slag,which is poured off so that only pure steel remains.Pure steel is much stronger than iron.The Bessemer process took place in an egg-shaped machine called a converter.With this process,workers began to make large amounts of steel quickly and cheaply.
By the late 1800s,many people lived in big cities.The price of land increased,one way builders could lower costs was to build taller buildings,which used less land.In Chicago in 1889,George A.Fuller completed the Tacoma Buildings,which had steel beams to hold up its weight.Soon people built more tall buildings with 10to 20stories.These were the first skyscrapers.
50.Alloys are important because theyC.
A.have no impurities
B.a(chǎn)re the raw materials that people use to make iron
C.may be more useful than the separate metals in the alloy
D.contain different metals
51.The Bessemer process was a success because it producedB.
A.iron from steel
B.steel quickly and cheaply
C.less slag than a blast furnace
D.impurities in the iron
52.Sir Henry Bessemer probablyD.
A.a(chǎn)voided difficult problems
B.created slag into pure steel
C.was not familiar with metals such as steel
D.knew how to make cast iron
53.From the article,you can conclude that architects throughout historyA.
A.thought carefully about materials when they designed buildings
B.could not design creative buildings until steel was invented
C.disliked stone,brick,and wood
D.liked to design tall buildings
54.Which of the statements below expresses the main idea of the article?A
A.Discoveries about iron and steel have allowed people to build taller buildings.
B.Sir Henry Bessemer developed a process to make steel.
C.Architects use many kinds of materials in buildings.
D.Changes about designing building.
分析 本文是科技類說明文;文中介紹了在歷史上為了建筑高大的建筑,建筑墻所用的材料不斷演變,由最初的木頭、石頭和磚塊到后來的鐵,使用的材料越來越結(jié)實.最終又通過不斷地改進(jìn)把鐵煉制成鋼鐵;隨著城市的擴(kuò)展,城市的土地越來越緊缺,需要高樓,因此鋼梁被用來建筑摩天大樓.
解答 50.C.推斷題.第三段具體介紹合金的形成過程,推斷人們通過復(fù)雜的過程把不同的金屬和組成成分熔合成合金是因為合金比其中的金屬有用,故答案選擇C.
51.B.細(xì)節(jié)理解題.根據(jù)第5段的最后一句"With this process,workers began to make large amounts of steel quickly and cheaply.(用這個程序,工人們可以快速便宜地生產(chǎn)鋼鐵)"可知答案選擇B.
52.D.推斷題.由第4 段可知cast iron(生鐵)里面還存在雜質(zhì),第5 段告訴我們這個問題由Sir Henry Bessemer 解決,由此推斷他知道如何制作生鐵,故答案選擇D.
53.A.推斷題.文章第一段告訴我們,為了支撐建筑的重量,建筑墻的材料在不斷改變;由此推斷在整個歷史上,人們設(shè)計建筑時會仔細(xì)考慮材料.
54.A.主旨大意題.文章以建筑墻的材料的不斷演變引出鋼鐵,并介紹如何煉制鋼鐵,在最后一段說明鋼梁(steel beams)在高樓建筑中的運用;可見文章圍繞鋼鐵的發(fā)現(xiàn)和在高樓建筑中的使用,故答案選擇A.
點評 閱讀要在整體理解文章的基礎(chǔ)上,根據(jù)題干選項定位細(xì)節(jié),然后對照選項做出合理的判斷.如果是主旨大意的判斷要把握文章整體,避免以偏概全.