Question

The question of whether war is inevitable is one which has concerned many of the world’s great writers. Before   36    this question, it will be useful to introduce some   37   concepts. Conflict,  38   as opposition among  social units-or individuals-directed against one another, is  39  from competition, which    40   opposition among social units   41   seeking to obtain something which is   42   inadequate supply. Competitors may not know about one another, which those who   43   in a conflict do. Conflict and competition are both   44   of opposition. The meaning of opposition has been stated as a process by which social unit function in the disservice of one another, opposition is   45   contrasted to cooperation, a   46   by which social units function in the service of one another. These    47    are necessary because it is important to emphasize that    competition between individuals or groups is inevitable in a world of limited   48  , but conflict isn’t . Conflict, nevertheless, is very likely to occur and is probably an essential and desirable   49   of human societies.

   Many authors have 50 their arguments that war cannot be avoided on the idea that in the struggle for existence among groups of animals, only those which are best 51 remain alive. In general, however, this struggle in nature is competition, not conflict. Those who fail in this competition 52 starve

to death or are 53 by other types of animals. This struggle for 54 is not similar to human war, but is like the competition of 55 for jobs, markets, and materials. The most important quality of this struggle is the competition for the necessities of life that are not enough to satisfy all.

36.A.considering    B.solving C.answering    D.saying 

37.A.related    B.used     C.translated    D.sacred 

38.A.specified B.remarked     C.defined       D.claimed      

39.A.variable  B.distinguished      C.various D.isolated      

40.A.acknowledged       B.denies  C.assumes       D.means 

41.A.critically B.approximately     C.independently     D.costly 

42.A.on   B.for       C.with     D.in

43.A.enter      B.participate   C.fall      D.involve      

44.A.formations     B.classes  C.terms   D.reactions    

45.A.nevertheless   B.however      C.thus     D.maybe

46.A.procession     B.standard      C.process D.measurement     

47.A.accounts B.definitions   C.descriptions D.explanations      

48.A.resources       B.origins C.sources D.materials    

49.A.matter    B.element       C.event   D.coincidence

50.A.concentrated  B.fixed    C.centered      D.based  

51.A.encouraged    B.accepted      C.adapted       D.adopted      

52.A.not only B.either   C.neither D.both   

53.A.killed     B.raised   C.fired    D.surrounded 

54.A.resistence       B.privilege     C.favour  D.employment      

55.A.workers  B.officials      C.individuals  D.residents    

Answer 1

36---55      AACBD   CDBBC   CBABD   CBAAC 

解析:

36.A  考慮這個(gè)問題之前，有必要介紹一些與之相關(guān)的概念。

37.A “相關(guān)的概念”，應(yīng)用related。

38.C  define, “解釋”，“下定義”，后面經(jīng)常接as; specify,“指定”，“指明”。The regulations specify that you may use a dictionary in the examination。remark,“說”。claim,“要求承認(rèn)某人之身份，所有權(quán)”。Does anyone claim this umbrella? 有沒有人認(rèn)領(lǐng)這把傘？ 沖突，指的是社會單位，團(tuán)體或個(gè)人之間的對抗。它與“競爭”不同。競爭指的是社會單位間為奪取一種不足夠的供應(yīng)而進(jìn)行的對抗。

39.B   distinguish from區(qū)別，不同；variable與various(多樣的)后面一般不接from; isolated “與……隔離開來”。

40.D  對前面competition的解釋，“意味著”。

41.C  critically批判地；approximately大致地；independently 獨(dú)立地；不受控制地；costly形容詞，昂貴的。根據(jù)文中含義，“競爭對手各自尋求物質(zhì)，所以才會有沖突”。所以此外選C為宜。

42.D   in short(inadequate) supply“缺乏的”為固定搭配，一般不用其它介詞。

43.B   enter in登記姓名，細(xì)節(jié)等。例：enter in an item in an account book將一筆賬記入賬本；fall in陷入，例fall in love with sb. involve in“卷入”，一般為卷入某個(gè)事件；participate in參與。 競爭者們可能彼此不了解，而沖突者們則熟識對方。

44.B   formation,構(gòu)成;terms,術(shù)語;reactions,反映;classes在此處指“種類，類別”。沖突和競爭都屬于對抗。

45.C   選這類連接副詞時(shí)，關(guān)鍵是弄清句與句之間意義關(guān)系。上句講到對抗就是彼此不服務(wù)。這句講到合作就是彼此服務(wù)。他們之間連接詞自然就是“因此”了，因此他們相反。對抗與合作相反。合作指的是社會單位互相服務(wù)。

46.C  procession隊(duì)伍，行列；standard標(biāo)準(zhǔn)；process過程；measurement衡量。上句中談到對抗是彼此不服務(wù)時(shí)，用的是“a process by which social...”,此處與上句這部分結(jié)構(gòu)完全相同，就可套用process一詞。

47.B  accounts敘述；definitions，定義，概念；descriptions,描述；explanations，解釋。文章第二句話是第一自然段主題句：介紹幾個(gè)概念，然后作者分別介紹。本題中用these definitions“這些概念”則與上文渾然一體。對這些定義的理解非常必要，因?yàn)橛斜匾獜?qiáng)調(diào)，個(gè)人或團(tuán)體之間的競爭在這個(gè)資源有限的世界是難免的，而沖突則是可免的。

48.A  resource資源，指國家、人類或個(gè)人所擁有的人力及物力，例：We must exploit the natural resources of our country. 我們必須開發(fā)本國的天然資源。source指河的源頭：the source of Nile尼羅河的發(fā)源地。source還指出處，來源，例：The news comes from a reliable source.這項(xiàng)消息出自可靠的來源。origin起源，the origin of a quarrel 爭吵的起因。此空前為a world of limited一個(gè)有限資源的世界，因此選A。

49.B  沖突很可能發(fā)生，它可能是人類社會必不可少、值得得到的要素。

50.D  base...on... 把……建立在……上。

51.C  只有那些適應(yīng)（能力）強(qiáng)的才活下來。

52.B  看到or就會想到either; not only...but also; neither...nor...,both...and都是固定搭配。在競爭中失敗的動(dòng)物，要不就是餓死，要不就被別的動(dòng)物殺死。

53.A  由前句starve to death和or可知，此處應(yīng)同death意義相近。

54.A  為生存的抗?fàn)幉煌�于人類�?zhàn)爭。

55.C   由后面的jobs, markets and materials可知，此處應(yīng)填“個(gè)人”。 workers, officials和residents（居民）都以偏概全。