Drinking eight cups or two litres of water a day is longstanding advice. But is there any scientific basis for it, asks Dr Chris van Tulleken.
You know those ads that remind us that even a small drop in hydration（水合作用） levels can massively affect performance so you need to keep hydrated with whatever brand of super drink they're selling?
They seem pretty scientific don't they? Man in white coat, athlete with electrodes attached and so on. And it's not a hard sell because drinking feels right - you're hot and sweating so surely replacing that fluid must be beneficial.
Well earlier this year sports scientists in Australia did an extraordinary experiment that had never been done before.This group wanted to find out what happened to performance after dehydration. So they took a group of cyclists and exercised them until they lost 3% of their total body weight in sweat.
Then their performance was assessed after rehydration with either 1) nothing, 2) enough water to bring them back to 2% dehydration or 3) after full rehydration.
So far nothing unusual, but the difference between this and almost every other study that's ever been done on hydration was that the cyclists were blind to how much water they got. The fluid was given intravenously without them knowing the volume.
This is vital because we all, and especially athletes, have such an intimate(密切的)psychological relationship with water consumption.
Remarkably, there was no performance difference between those that were fully rehydrated and those that got nothing. This study was part of a growing movement to "drink to thirst" which hopes to persuade athletes not to over hydrate with the potentially fatal consequence of diluting your sodium level, causing hyponatraemia.
Perhaps the result shouldn't be so surprising. Humans evolved doing intense exercise in extreme heat and dryness. We are able to tolerate losses in water relatively well whereas even slight over hydration can be far more dangerous. In simple terms, being too watery is as bad for you as being too concentrated.
小題1:What’s the main idea of the passage?
A．There is no scientific basis for drinking eight cups of water a day
B．People used to drink eight cups of water a day
C．An experiment about whether people should drink eight cups of water.
D．People shouldn’t believe longstanding advice.
小題2:what does the word“dehydration ”in paragragh 4 mean？
A．doing exerciseB．losing water
C．drinking waterD．having a rest
小題3:What is NOT TRUE according to the passage?
A．Drinking too much water is bad for us
B．Sports scientists in Australia did an extraordinary experiment for the first time.
C．Those that were fully rehydrated and those that got nothing performed differently.
D．The cyclists didn’t know how much water they got.
小題4:What can we learn from the last paragragh?
A．Humans can bear losing water relatively well
B．It’s dangerous to drink water.
C．Athletes should drink more water than others.
D．This study was part of a growing movement to "drink to thirst".
小題5:what is Dr Chris van Tulleken’s attitude towards the. longstanding advice？
A．positiveB．doubtfulC．supportiveD．indifferent

小題1:A
小題2:B
小題3:C
小題4:A
小題5:B
沒有證據(jù)表明一天之內(nèi)除了飲用其他飲料外再喝八杯水會(huì)對(duì)你有益，事實(shí)是這可能對(duì)身體有害。
小題1:主旨題：從第一段的句子：Drinking eight cups or two litres of water a day is longstanding advice. But is there any scientific basis for it, asks Dr Chris van Tulleken.可知這篇文章講的是：沒有證據(jù)表明一個(gè)人每天要喝八杯水。選A。
小題2:猜詞題：從第四段的句子：So they took a group of cyclists and exercised them until they lost 3% of their total body weight in sweat.可知dehydration是“脫水”的意思。選B。
小題3:細(xì)節(jié)題：從第八段的句子：there was no performance difference between those that were fully rehydrated and those that got nothing. 可知充分補(bǔ)水和什么都沒有喝的人表現(xiàn)沒有什么不同，選C。
小題4:細(xì)節(jié)題：從最后一段的句子：We are able to tolerate losses in water relatively well可知人類是可以忍受失去水的，選A。
小題5:細(xì)節(jié)題：從第一段的句子：But is there any scientific basis for it, asks Dr Chris van Tulleken.可知Dr Chris van Tulleken對(duì)長期以來對(duì)人們的建議是持有懷疑態(tài)度的，選B。
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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

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B．to begin your business talks
C．to get the conversation going smoothly
D．for you to make a deep and lasting impression on others
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B．never talk too much or too little
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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

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小題1:If a person on Comera island is ill, 　　　.
A．others will phone the doctor in town
B．the whistle language will pass the news to the doctor
C．his family will take him to the doctor
D．people will take him to the hospital
小題2: From the passage we know radio and TV　　　at that time.
A．killed the special ways of speaking
B．whistled all the news and opinions
C．helped Comera people to communicate
D．did not appear on Comera island yet
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B．no visitors have ever been there
C．people there have special ears to hear whistles
D．people there use the whistle language to communicate with each other
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A．It is not easy for a person to live on Comera island if he cannot whistle.
B．The whistle language can only be found on Comera island.
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D．The record shows that one best whistler can be heard by others seven miles away.

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B．She didn’t eat anything before the race.
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小題1:It can be inferred from the passage that the author’s opinion of nowadays’ human beings is
A．not very high. B．high.
C．contemptuous. D．critical.
小題2:The main idea of this passage is
A．vicious and dangerous sports should be banned by law.
B．people are willing to pay vast sums money to see violence.
C．to compare two different attitudes towards dangerous sports.
D．people are bloodthirsty in sports.
小題3:That the author mentions the old Romans is
A．To compare the old Romans with today’s people.
B．to give an example.
C．to show human beings in the past know nothing better.
D．to indicate human beings are used to bloodthirsty.
小題4:.How many dangerous sports does the author mention in this passage?
A．Three. B．Five.
C．Six. D．Seven.
小題5:The purpose of the author in writing this passage is
A．that, by banning the violent sports, we human beings can improve our selves.
B．that, by banning the dangerous sports, we can improve the law.
C．that we must take positive steps to improve social welfare system.
D．to show law is the main instrument of social change.
Vocabulary
relish           從……獲得樂處，享受
orgy       狂歡，放縱
arena       競(jìng)技場(chǎng)，活動(dòng)或斗爭(zhēng)的場(chǎng)所
blood-thirsty     殘忍的，嗜血的
bear-baiting     逗熊游戲
bull-fight    斗牛
batter       猛擊，連續(xù)地猛打/捶，亂打
pulp          成紙漿，成軟塊
burst into flames    突然燃燒起來/著火
grim       令人窒息的，簡(jiǎn)陋的
coop up       把……關(guān)起來
難句譯注
bear-baiting  逗熊游戲。這是一種十六、十七世紀(jì)流行于英國的游戲――驅(qū)狗去咬綁著的熊，很殘忍，后被禁止。
…two men batter each other to pulp in the boxing ring.
【結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)析】batter one to pulp =" beat" one to a pulp 狠揍某人，打癱某人
【參考譯文】?jī)蓚�(gè)人在拳擊場(chǎng)內(nèi)彼此狠揍，知道一個(gè)人被打倒在地，爬不起來。
…unmoved by the sight of one or a number of racing cars crashing and bursting into flames.
【參考譯文】眼見一輛或多輛賽車相互撞擊，突然燒起來而無動(dòng)于衷。
A world heavy weight championship match is front page news.
【參考譯文】世界重量級(jí)冠軍賽總是頭版頭條新聞。
寫作方法與文章大意
作者采取先對(duì)比、后分析的寫作手法。先是今人和古羅馬人對(duì)暴虐體育上對(duì)此兩者都欣賞。后者坦率成人“欣賞暴力體育”，前者施以各種接口、實(shí)際都是嗜血成性者。第二段進(jìn)一步剖析今人欣賞暴虐體育的種種實(shí)例，最后指出改善“暴虐”的根本嗜為改善法律采取積極的步驟，法律才能施以巨大的文明影響，否則人類很難改變。

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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

Now Hear This
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Levels of Common Noises
Normal conversation                           50 — 65 dB
Food blender                                  88 dB
Jet plane flying above a person standing outside      103 dB
Rock band during a concert                      110 — 140 dB
小題1:From Paragraph 1, we can learn that                   .
A．loud music is a major cause of hearing loss
B．famous people tend to have hearing problems
C．teenagers should stay away from school bands
D．the problem of hearing damage is widely known
小題2:In Paragraph 3, the underlined word "recondition" means                .
A．not to be seenB．to fill with sound
C．to become larger in sizeD．to make good again
小題3:The purpose of the chart at the end of the article is to show                   .
A．a(chǎn) list of harmful sounds
B．the effect of rock concerts
C．the noise levels of familiar sounds
D．relationship between daily activities and hearing loss
小題4:Which of the following statements will Dr. Sam Levine probably agree?
A．When your ears feel warm, your hair cells are dead.
B．Drummer Andrew Sather gives good advice.
C．Many are taking the risk of losing hearing.
D．Doctors know how to cure hearing loss.

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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

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Overweight and obese children are more likely to become overweight and obese adults. The condition can generate serious health problems like heart diseases.
Francesco Branca is the director of the WHO Department of Nutrition for Health and Development. He says urban lifestyle makes people eat processed food more often ,which has a high sugar ,fat and salt content. He also says people are gaining weight because of their lack of activities. They travel in cars or other vehicles more than on foot.
The WHO experts say to lower obesity rates is especially complex in countries that also deal with high rates of infectious(感染性的) diseases.
The WHO has some basic solutions for individuals and countries. The organization says you should lower your intake of fat, sugar, salt and processed food and eat more fruits,' vegetables and increase physical activity. The WHO says these actions are especially important for children.
And WHO expert Branca says mothers should breastfeed their babies for at least the first six months of life, if possible. More importantly, governments should consider providing vitamins for children and educational campaigns about problems linked to obesity would also help. In his view, government policies should deal with how food is marketed to children and food producers must balance quality and taste with the dangers of sugar, fat and salt. "Reducing the number of overweight children will not be easy. The goal is difficult to meet even in wealthy countries. " he adds.
小題1:What is the main idea of Paragraph l?
A．Children in developing countries generally weigh too much.
B．Overweight children in developing countries have increased greatly.
C．The number of overweight children in the world has doubled.
D．The World Health Organization has increased greatly.
小題2:According to Branca , people are becoming overweight because of their changes in _______
A．lifestylesB．transportation
C．physical conditionD．school educational .
小題3:Which of the following word can best replace the underlined word in Paragraph 2?
A．cureB．preventC．worsenD．cause
小題4:According to WHO, which of the following is true?
A．Poor nutrition is often related to children obesity.
B．To lower infectious disease rates is more complex than to lower obesity rates.
C．Eating less sugar and more vegetables helps lower obesity rates.
D．Increasing physical activity is most effective to lower obesity rates.
小題5:What can we learn from the last Paragraph?
A．Babies breastfed aren't likely to become overweight.
B．Governments should play a necessary role in fighting obesity.
C．Food producers should be stopped from marketing, food to children.
D．The number of overweight children decreases easily in wealthy countries.

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Are you still troubled by a disease called overactive bladder(膀胱)? Why not try TOVIAZ, a medicine used to treat adults 18 years older facing such a condition?
You are strongly advised not to take TOVIZ if you have following symptoms:
Your stomach empties slowly.
You are suffering from eye problems.
You’re allergic to any ingredients of TOVIAZ.
Remember the possible side effects of TOVIAZ
Dry mouth.
Constipation(便秘)
Dry eyes.
Trouble empting the bladder
Remember to ask your doctor for a complete list, since these aren’t all possible side effects of TOVIAZ.
More Detailed Instructions to take TOVIAZ:
Your doctor may give you the lower 4mg dose of TOVIAZ if you have severe kidney problem.
Take TOVIAZ with liquid and swallow the tablet whole. Do not chew, divide or crush the tablet.
You can take either TOVIAZ with or without food.
If you miss a dose of TOVIAZ, start taking it again the next day.
Decreased sweating and severe heat illness can occur when TOVIAZ is used in hot environments.
Drinking alcohol while taking TOVIAZ may cause increased sleepiness.
小題1:What is the main purpose of the passage?
A．To present a discovery on a scientific research.
B．To give information about a kind of medicine.
C．To teach patients ways of recovery from illness.
D．To show the importance of taking proper medicine.
小題2:The main function of TOVIAZ is to treat__________.
A．kidney problem
B．stomach problem
C．dry mouth or eyes
D．overactive bladder
小題3:What can be inferred from the passage?
A．There are only four possible side effects of TOVIAZ.
B．Don’t take TOVIAZ if you are allergic to its ingredient.
C．It’s unwise for people under 18 years old to use TOVIAZ
D．You may feel excited while eating TOVIAZ with alcohol.
小題4:Which of the statements about taking TOVIAZ is TRUE?
A．It’s OK to take it with food or without food.
B．Chew the tablet well before you swallow it.
C．Use TOVIAZ in hot environment to cure heat illness.
D．If you miss a dose, do take it right away on the same day.

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