Mass transportation revised the social and economic fabric（結(jié)構(gòu)） of the American city in three fundamental ways. It catalyzed（加速） physical expansion, it sorted out people and land uses, and it accelerated the inherent instability of urban life. By opening vast areas of unoccupied land for residential expansion, the omnibuses, horse railways, commuter trains, and electric tro lleys pulled settled regions outward two to four times more distant form city centers than they were in the premodern era. In 1850, for example, the borders of Boston lay scarcely two miles from the old business district; by the turn of the century the radius extended ten miles. Now those who could afford it could live far removed from the old city center and still commute there for work, shopping, and entertainment. The new accessibility of land around the periphery（周圍）of almost every major city sparked an explosion of real estate development and fueled what we now know as urban sprawl. Between 1890 and 1920, for example, some 250,000 new residential lots were recorded within the borders of Chicago, most of them located in outlying areas. Over the same period, another 550,000 were plotted outside the city limits but within the metropolitan area. Anxious to take advantage of the possibilities of commuting, real estate developers added 800,000 potential building sites to the Chicago region in just thirty years – lots that could have housed five to six million people.

Of course, many were never occupied; there was always a huge surplus of subdivided, but vacant, land around Chicago and other cities. These excesses underscore a feature of residential expansion related to the growth of mass transportation: urban sprawl（建筑物無計(jì)劃延伸） was essentially unplanned. It was carried out by thousands of small investors who paid little heed to coordinated land use or to future land users. Those who purchased and prepared land for residential purposes, particularly land near or outside city borders where transit lines and middle-class inhabitants were anticipated, did so to create demand as much as to respond to it. Chicago is a prime example of this process. Real estate subdivision （再劃分小區(qū)）there proceeded much faster than population growth.

72．With which of the following subjects is the passage mainly concerned?

       A．Types of mass transportation.

       B．Instability of urban life.

       C．How supply and demand determine land use.

       D．The effect of mass transportation on urban expansion.

73．Why does the author mention both Boston and Chicago?

       A．To demonstrate positive and negative effects of growth.

       B．To exemplify cities with and without mass transportation.

       C．To show mass transportation changed many cities.

       D．To contrast their rate of growth.

74．According to the passage, what was one disadvantage of residential expansion?

       A．It was expensive.

       B．It happened too slowly.

       C．It was unplanned.

       D．It created a demand for public transportation.

75．The author mentions Chicago in the second paragraph as an example of a city,

       A．that is large.

       B．that is used as a model for land development.

       C．where the development of land exceeded population growth.

       D．with an excellent mass transportation system.

72．D 【解析】主旨大意題。公共交通運(yùn)輸對(duì)城市擴(kuò)展的影響。文章開門見山提出這一點(diǎn)“公共交通運(yùn)輸從三個(gè)根本方面改變了美國城市的社會(huì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)。”后面文章內(nèi)容就是三方面的具體化。

A公共交通運(yùn)輸類型。 B 城市生活的不穩(wěn)定性。 C 供需如何決定土地利用。這三項(xiàng)文中作為具體問題提到，并不是文章涉及的主要題目。

73．C 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)題。說明公共交通改變了許多城市。答案箭第一段第四句“舉例說，1850年，波士頓市界離老的商業(yè)地區(qū)幾乎不到2英里，到了這世紀(jì)末，其半徑擴(kuò)至10英里�，F(xiàn)在供得起的人們可以住得很遠(yuǎn)，遠(yuǎn)離老的城市中心，仍然來回去那里上班、購物和娛樂”。第七句，“舉例說，在1890至1920年期間，據(jù)記載，芝加哥市界內(nèi)有約250，000個(gè)新的住宅樓區(qū)大多數(shù)設(shè)在郊區(qū)。經(jīng)過同樣這段時(shí)期，市區(qū)外，但仍在芝加哥大都市地區(qū)內(nèi)，又計(jì)劃建造了550，000個(gè)住宅樓區(qū)。”

A.表示成長的正反兩方面效果。B 舉有無公共交通運(yùn)輸?shù)某鞘袨槔?D 對(duì)比兩者成長率；都不是本文中舉兩城市例子的目的。

74．C【解析】細(xì)節(jié)題。沒有計(jì)劃。見第二段第三句起“城市擴(kuò)展蔓延根本無計(jì)劃，好幾千個(gè)小的投資商進(jìn)行擴(kuò)展，毫不考慮相互協(xié)調(diào)配合利用土地，也不考慮未來土地利用�！�

A. 太貴 和 B.太慢，兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)，文內(nèi)沒有提。D. 它創(chuàng)造了對(duì)公共交通運(yùn)輸?shù)男枨�。這不是住宅擴(kuò)展的一個(gè)缺點(diǎn)，而是三個(gè)根本改變城市的一個(gè)方面。見第一段第三句：“通過大量開發(fā)未占土地?cái)U(kuò)建住宅，公共汽車、馬車、鐵路、來回火車，有軌電車把已有人定居的居住區(qū)向外擴(kuò)展了三四倍，比他們先現(xiàn)代時(shí)期的市中心更遠(yuǎn)�！�

75．C【解析】細(xì)節(jié)題。（第二段中以芝加哥城市例子說明）土地開發(fā)超過人口增長速度。答案詳見第二段“這些購買和置備土地建設(shè)住宅，特別是購置臨近城市或就在市界外的土地，搶在交通線路和中產(chǎn)階層的居民進(jìn)去之前。他們這樣做的目的是創(chuàng)造一種需求，也是響應(yīng)這種需求。芝加哥就是這種過程的典型例子。那里的房地產(chǎn)小塊土地比人口增長快得很多很多�！�

A 城市大。B 用作土地開發(fā)的樣板。D 具有優(yōu)越的公共的交通系統(tǒng)。

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科目：高中英語 來源：2013屆山東省濰坊市高三3月第一次模擬考試英語試卷（帶解析） 題型：閱讀理解

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【小題1】What's the best title of the text?

A．Junk Food and DepressionB．Depression Prevention
C．Types of Fats and DepressionD．Depression Research
【小題2】Which of the following increases the risk of suffering depression?
A．Fish. B．Vegetable oil.C．Olive oil.D．Butter.
【小題3】The study tells us that         .
A．2.5% Americans suffer mental illness
B．l2,000 volunteers in Navarra took part
C．a(chǎn) minority of participants became new sufferers
D．l50 million Europeans enjoy a healthier lifestyle
【小題4】The underlined word “derived” in Paragraph 5 is closest in meaning to         .
A．obtained B．chosenC．separatedD．preserved
【小題5】More and more Westerners are suffering depression because         .
A．they have less time for exercise
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科目：高中英語 來源：2012-2013學(xué)年山東省濰坊市高三3月第一次模擬考試英語試卷（解析版） 題型：閱讀理解

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1.What's the best title of the text?

A．Junk Food and Depression                B．Depression Prevention

C．Types of Fats and Depression               D．Depression Research

2.Which of the following increases the risk of suffering depression?

A．Fish.             B．Vegetable oil.       C．Olive oil.          D．Butter.

3.The study tells us that         .

A．2.5% Americans suffer mental illness

B．l2,000 volunteers in Navarra took part

C．a(chǎn) minority of participants became new sufferers

D．l50 million Europeans enjoy a healthier lifestyle

4.The underlined word “derived” in Paragraph 5 is closest in meaning to         .

A．obtained          B．chosen           C．separated         D．preserved

5.More and more Westerners are suffering depression because         .

A．they have less time for exercise

B．they eat more nuts, vegetable oils and fish

C．the sources of fats in their diets have changed

D．less meat, butter, and cakes are included in their diets

 

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科目：高中英語 來源： 題型：閱讀理解

Eating foods high in trans-fats(fats present in artificial form in industrially-produced cakes and fast food...) and saturated (飽和的) fats increases the risk of depression, according to a Spanish study, confirming previous studies that linked “junk food” with the disease. Researchers also showed that some products, such as olive oil, can fight against the risk of mental illness.
Authors of the wide-reaching study, from the universities of Navarra and Las Palmas, followed and analyzed the diet and lifestyle of over l2,000 volunteers over six years. When the study began, none of the participants had been diagnosed with depression; by the end, 657 of them were new sufferers.
“Participants with an increased consumption of trans-fats presented up to a 48 percent increase in the risk of depression when they were compared to participants who did not consume these fats,” the head study author said. “The more trans-fats were consumed, the greater harmful effect they produced in the volunteers.”
The research team found, at the same time, that after assessing the effect of polyunsaturated fats made up of larger amounts of fish and vegetable oils and olive oil, these products are associated with a lower risk of suffering depression.
The report, published in the online journal PLOS ONE, noted the research was performed on a European population that enjoys a relatively low intake of trans-fats—making up only 0.4 percent of the total energy taken in by the volunteers. “Despite this, we observed an increase in the risk of suffering depression of nearly 50 percent,” said researcher Miguel Martinez. “On this basis we think it of great importance to take this effect into account in countries like the United States, where the percentage of energy derived from these fats is around 2.5 percent.”
The report pointed out that the current number of depression sufferers in the world is around l50 million people, and has increased in recent years. This rise is attributable, according to the authors, “to great changes in the sources of fats consumed in Western diets, where we have replaced certain types of beneficial fats in nuts, vegetable oils and fish with the saturated and trans-fats found in meats, butter and other products such as mass-produced cakes and fast food.”

  1. 1.

    What's the best title of the text?

    1. A.
      Junk Food and Depression
    2. B.
      Depression Prevention
    3. C.
      Types of Fats and Depression
    4. D.
      Depression Research
  2. 2.

    Which of the following increases the risk of suffering depression?

    1. A.
      Fish
    2. B.
      Vegetable oil
    3. C.
      Olive oil
    4. D.
      Butter
  3. 3.

    The study tells us that         

    1. A.
      2.5% Americans suffer mental illness
    2. B.
      l2,000 volunteers in Navarra took part
    3. C.
      a minority of participants became new sufferers
    4. D.
      l50 million Europeans enjoy a healthier lifestyle
  4. 4.

    The underlined word “derived” in Paragraph 5 is closest in meaning to         

    1. A.
      obtained
    2. B.
      chosen
    3. C.
      separated
    4. D.
      preserved
  5. 5.

    More and more Westerners are suffering depression because         

    1. A.
      they have less time for exercise
    2. B.
      they eat more nuts, vegetable oils and fish
    3. C.
      the sources of fats in their diets have changed
    4. D.
      less meat, butter, and cakes are included in their diets

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