Question

6．The herds of bulls and horses depicted running along the walls of the Lascaux caves in France are among the most magnificent examples of prehistoric art ever discovered．
Courage is a quality we cherish．Yet only lately has it been studied systematically to try to define what it is and is not，where it comes from and why we love it so much．"Courage helps to define the excellent person，"write George Kateb，a political theorist at Princeton University．"One of the worst criticism in the world is to be called a coward，a quite timid person．"
For many people，courage is most readily displayed in battle； for example，the brave soldier running into the line of fire to rescue the injured．
Yet George Kateb says that if courage finds its highest expression in war，then the trait （特性） becomes immoral，ennobling killing by insisting that only in battle can people discover the depths of their nobility．Thus，it makes killing a noble thing．
Stanley J Rachman of the University of British Columbia studies paratroopers （傘兵） preparing for their first jump．The work revealed three different groups：the fearless who jumped without hesitation； the timid whose fear kept them from jumping； and finally，the ones who reacted physiologically like the timid but acted like the fearless leaper，and jumped．
Rachman considered the final group courageous，defining courage as"a behavioral approach in spite of the experience of fear"．Thus，courage becomes the property of anyone who does something that he or she fears．
In interviewing 320children aged from 8to 13，Peter Muris of Erasmus University，Rotterdam，of the Netherlands and his colleagues found that children also consider courage as the conquering of one's fears； and more than 70% claimed they had performed brave acts，including stealing money from one's mother's purse．
Joel Berger，a biologist with the Wildlife Conservation Society in Montana，US，also distinguishes between animals that behave bravely due to a lack of awareness and experience，and those that are aware of a danger but proceed anyway．
He recalled the time he and his colleagues had cornered a young bison （野牛） to take blood samples．At that time，an adult male bison was standing guard，refusing to let the scientists approach．"He knew that he could be attacked by us，"said Berger．"I'd call this a courageous，even heroic act．"

78．What does George Kateb think of courage？Courage helps define the excellent person．
79．Why did Rachman think that the third group were courageous？Because they conquered their fears and jumped
80．Peter Muris found that most children demonstrated their courage．by performing bravely and blindly．
81．The writer uses the example of an adult bison to．illustrate/show/prove that animals are also courageous
（Note：Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN EIGHT WORDS）

Answer 1

分析 本文主要論述了什么是勇氣，不同人有不同的看法．

解答 78．Courage helps define the excellent person．細(xì)節(jié)理解題．根據(jù)Courage helps to define the excellent person這句可以看出George Kateb定義勇氣為一些優(yōu)秀的人．
79．Because they conquered their fears and jumped．/Because they jumped in spite of/despite their fears 根據(jù)文章理解在他看來(lái)有勇氣的人是那些可以做自己害怕事情的人．Rachman considered the final group courageous，defining courage as"a behavioral approach in spite of the experience of fear"．
80．by performing bravely and blindly．從第四段實(shí)驗(yàn)調(diào)查320個(gè)年齡8到13歲的孩子可知，他們眼里所謂的勇氣就是做一些勇敢的事情甚至是不合理的．由此看出這些所謂的勇氣是盲目的．
81．illustrate/show/prove that animals are also courageous．illustrate/show/prove that animals also have courage．
 Illustrate/show （that） some animals still proceed despite/in spite of/facing/faced with danger通過(guò)最后一段的野牛保護(hù)自己的例子看出，動(dòng)物在面臨危險(xiǎn)時(shí)也是有勇氣的．

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