Question

19．Observational Learning：To See Is to Know
A group of psychologists，led by Albert Bandura，developed social learning theory，which emphasizes the fact that much learning occurs in a social context．This kind of learning，which results simply from observing and imitating the behaviors of others，is called observational learning．Observational learning helps people acquire proper behaviors in their families and cultures：By watching others，we learn how to greet people，eat，laugh and tell jokes．Do you still remember your first few days in senior grade one？By watching others，you learned how people talked to each other，what clothes were"fashionable，"and how to interact with instructors．
The people from whom you learn new behaviors through observing function as models，presenting a behavior to be imitated．With modeling，you observe others'behaviors，and then none，some，or all of these behaviors may be learned and repeated，or modified．In one of Bandura's classic studies，children were divided into three groups：One group watched an adult beating up a Bobo doll，one group watched an adult ignoring the Bobo doll，and the third didn't see an adult at all．After being mildly frustrated by being placed in a room with toys，but not being allowed to play with some of them，all of the children were then placed in another room with a variety of toys，including a Bobo doll．Children in the first group tended to imitate what they had seen，mistreating the doll （and inventing new ways to abuse it） and being aggressive with the other toys in the room．
Researchers have discovered that several characteristics of models can make learning through observation more effective．Not surprisingly，the more you pay attention to the model，the more you learn．You are more likely to pay attention if the model is an expert，is good looking，has high status，or is socially powerful．Second，by watching others，we learn about what behaviors are appropriate for people like ourselves，so models who are seen as similar are more readily imitated．All students need to see successful，capable models who look and sound like them．
Then，as teachers，how can you apply observational learning？Here are a few guidelines．Above all，model the behaviors and attitudes you desire your students to learn．For example，show enthusiasm for the subject you teach．Be willing to demonstrate both the mental and the physical tasks you expect the students to perform．Second，use peers，especially class leaders，as models．For example，in group work，pair students who do well with those who are having difficulties．Third，you may seek the help of class leaders in modeling behaviors．Examples include letting high-status students lead an activity when you need class cooperation or when students are likely to be reluctant at first．
Observational Learning：To See Is to Know

Answer 1

分析 文章介紹什么是觀察學(xué)習(xí)，觀察學(xué)習(xí)的應(yīng)用，怎么將觀察學(xué)習(xí)用于教學(xué)中．

解答 71．Definition/Concept/Meaning     
歸納題：根據(jù)右邊的內(nèi)容：Observational learning is learning that occurs through （2）and imitation of others．可知這是觀察學(xué)習(xí)的定義，Definition/Concept/Meaning
 72．observation
詞性轉(zhuǎn)化題：根據(jù)第一段的句子：This kind of learning，which results simply from observing and imitating the behaviors of others，is called observational learning．可知將observing 改成observation．
73．properly/appropriately/well 
詞性轉(zhuǎn)化題：根據(jù)第一段的句子：Observational learning helps people acquire proper behaviors in their families and cultures：可知將proper改成 properly/appropriately/well．
 74．a(chǎn)ggressive/violent/rude
原詞重現(xiàn)題：根據(jù)第二段的句子：Children in the first group tended to imitate what they had seen，mistreating the doll （and inventing new ways to abuse it） and being aggressive with the other toys in the room．可知看見不好的行為的孩子自己也會有攻擊性，aggressive/violent/rude．
75．Features/Characteristics    
 原詞重現(xiàn)題：根據(jù)第三段的句子：Researchers have discovered that several characteristics of models can make learning through observation more effective．可知這里介紹觀察學(xué)習(xí)榜樣的特點(diǎn)：Features/Characteristics．
 76．likely
原詞重現(xiàn)題：根據(jù)第三段的句子：You are more likely to pay attention if the model is an expert，is good looking，has high status，or is socially powerful．可知填likely
77．similar 
 句意理解題：根據(jù)第三段的句子：Second，by watching others，we learn about what behaviors are appropriate for people like ourselves，可知和我們相像的人會促進(jìn)觀察學(xué)習(xí)．like="similar"to             
 78．teaching/education/instruction
詞性轉(zhuǎn)化題：根據(jù)第四段的句子：Then，as teachers，how can you apply observational learning？可知怎么將觀察學(xué)習(xí)應(yīng)用于教學(xué)中：teaching/education/instruction．
79．desired/expected/target  
 詞性轉(zhuǎn)化題：根據(jù)第四段的句子：Above all，model the behaviors and attitudes you desire your students to learn．可知將desire改成desired/expected/targeted．
  80．Seeking
詞性轉(zhuǎn)化題：根據(jù)第四段的句子：Third，you may seek the help of class leaders in modeling behaviors．可知將seek改成Seeking．

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