Renaissance is a French word. It means “rebirth”. It’s a strange name for a period of history. What was exactly “ reborn” during the Renaissance?

To answer this question, we need to look back at the time of the Roman Empire. At this time Roman artists, scientists and writers influenced by Greek ideas were the world’s most advanced. They had become skilled observers of the natural world around them, and had become experts in studying animals, plants, the human body or the stars and planets. They wrote down their ideas about what they saw, and based their theories about the world on their observations.

During the fourth and fifth centuries the Roman Empire slowly broke down. Many of the Romans’ art and sculptures were destroyed and some manuscripts（原稿）were lost as well. But most importantly, some of the ancient attitudes were lost. A questioning approach to the world was replaced by an unquestioning one.

Why did this happen? One reason was to do with the influence of the Christian Church. Through the thousand years following the fall of the Roman Empire, the Church controlled many aspects of life including education and learning. The Church ran all the universities and thought that the aim of a university should be to teach old ideas more clearly, not to introduce new ones. The scholars in the universities were expected to study God and heaven from the Bible and ancient books, rather than the world around them.

Take medicine for example. The main textbook for doctors had been written by a Greek doctor called Galen more than a thousand years earlier. But when Roger Bacon, a thirteenth-century priest（牧師）, said that a new approach to medicine was needed --- doctors should do their own original research instead of reading writers from the past such as Galen-the Church put him in prison.

By the time of the fourteenth century, however, some parts of the Christian Church were becoming less strict about their ideas and there was a new state of mind among artists, doctors and scientist. People wanted to find out more about the world by studying it. This attitude of investigation had been common in classical scholars, and it was ‘reborn’ during the Renaissance.

1.We know from the text that scientists at the time of the Roman Empire believed in_______.

A. their companions’ observations

B. what they saw with their own eyes

C. what they learned from the Greeks

D. the most advanced theories at that time

2.We can infer that students in the Church controlled universities might_________.

A. have good memories

B. change their beliefs

C. be lacking in creativity

D. be interested in astronomy

3.Roger Bacon was put in prison because he_________.

A. gave up being a priest

B. showed no respect for Galen

C. did some research secretly

D. challenged the Church

4.The text probably comes from a book about_________.

A. medicine B. education C. religion D. history

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The Golden Gate Bridge opened in 1937.It extends 1,280 meters across the water. The total length is 2,737 meters. It was the largest suspension bridge(吊橋) in the world until 1964. That is when the Verrazano Narrows Bridge opened in New York City. Today，the Golden Gate Bridge is the ninth longest suspension bridge in the world.

1.The Golden Gate Bridge was named after ________.

A．the local climate

B．the color of a paint

C．the strait it crosses

D．its natural surroundings

2.The purpose of suspending a special safety net is to ________.

A．protect the environment

B．make construction easier

C．prevent workers from falling

D．save building materials from falling

3.What do we know about Joseph Strauss?

A．He attached importance to the workers' safety.

B．His safety measures were not of practical value.

C．He built the first suspension bridge in the world.

D．He demanded strong measures to ensure the safety of the bridge.

4.The passage is written to ________.

A．invite readers to San Francisco

B．introduce the Golden Gate Bridge

C．describe how the Golden Gate Bridge was built

D．tell the story of an engineer called Joseph Strauss

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The team of Laura Fonken, Randy Nelson, from the Ohio State University, USA, has spread to the brain a previous line of research which found that fine particulate (微粒) matter floating in the air mainly because of air pollution caused by humans, causes swelling in much of the body, and may be related to high blood pressure problems, and some other diseases.

In the research Fonken and his colleagues exposed mice to polluted air for six hours each day, five days a week, over a period of 10 months, almost half the average life length of mice.

Polluted air contains fine particles created by cars, factories and natural dust. Fine particles of this kind are tiny, about 2.5 micrometers in diameter, or about one-thirtieth the width of a human hair. These particles can go deep into lungs and other organs.

The concentration of this particulate material to which they exposed mice is equal to the concentration at which people can be exposed in some polluted urban areas.

After a period of 10 months, the researchers got the animals to have a series of behavioral tests. Both the behavior of mice and the results of neurological(神經(jīng)的) tests done to them show that those within the polluted air had more problems in learning and memory, and higher levels of anxiety.

The results suggest that long-time exposure to polluted air can have measurable negative effects on the human brain and can cause a variety of mental health problems. This could have important consequences for those living and working in polluted urban areas.

1.The results of new research on mice first suggest that polluted air mainly does harm to ________.

A. normal organsB. lungs and heart

C. mental healthD. blood pressure

2.The bad effects of tiny particles in polluted air are those except ________.

A. high blood pressure problems

B. making human hair thinner

C. different kinds of diseases

D. swelling in much of the body

3.From the last sentence we can infer that people living in polluted urban areas ________.

A. are likely to suffer from mental problems

B. can measure the negative effect on them

C. show little concern for air pollution

D. can be exposed to polluted air longer

4.Which of the following is the best title for the passage?

A. Long-time Exposure to Air Pollution

B. Evidence and Concern of Air Pollution

C. Measurable Effect on Human Brain

D. Mental Problems Caused by Air Pollution

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