Question

閱讀理解。

III. Reading Comprehension

Section A

Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.

In the 1960s, Douglas McGregor, one of the key thinkers in the art of management, developed the mow famous Theory X and Theory Y. Theory X is the idea that people instinctively ___________ work and will do anything to avoid it. Theory Y is the view that everyone has the potential to find satisfaction in work.

In any case, despite so much evidence to the ___________, many managers still agree to Theory X. They believe, ___________ , that their employees need constant supervision if they are to work effectively, or that decisions must be imposed from ___________ without consultation. This, of course, makes for authoritarian (專制的) managers.

Different cultures have different ways of ___________ people. Unlike authoritarian management, some cultures, particularly in Asia, are well known for the consultative nature of decision-making—all members of the department or work group are asked to ___________ to this process. This is management by the collective opinion. Many western companies have tried to imitate such Asian ways of doing things, which are based on general ___________. Some experts say that women will become more effective managers than men because they have the power to reach common goals in a way that traditional ___________ managers cannot.

A recent trend has been to encourage employees to use their own initiative, to make decisions on their own without ___________ managers first. This empowerment (授權(quán)) has been part of the trend towards downsizing: ___________ the number of management layers in companies. After de-layering in this way, a company may be ___________ with just a top level of senior managers, front-line managers and employees with direct contact with the public. Empowerment takes the idea of delegation (委托) much further than has ___________ been the case. Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management control to ___________ that the overall business plan is being followed, and that operations become more profitable under the new organization, rather than less.

Another trend is off-site or ___________ management, where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses. Project managers evaluate the ___________ of the team members in terms of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them.

1.A. desire B. seek C. lose D. dislike

2.A. contrary B. expectation C. degree D. extreme

3.A. vice versa B. for example C. however D. otherwise

4.A. outside B. inside C. below D. above

5.A. replacing B. assessing C. managing D. encouraging

6.A. refer B. contribute C. object D. apply

7.A. agreement B. practice C. election D. impression

8.A. bossy B. experienced C. western D. male

9.A. asking B. training C. warning D. firing

10.A. doubling B. maintaining C. reducing D. estimating

11.A. honored B. left C. crowded D. compared

12.A. economically B. traditionally C. inadequately D. occasionally

13.A. deny B. admit C. assume D. ensure

14.A. virtual B. ineffective C. day-to-day D. on-the-scene

15.A. opinion B. risk C. performance D. attractiveness

Answer 1