Can software bring dead tongues back to life? Probably yes.
A computer algorithm（計算程序）works almost as well as a trained linguist（語言學(xué)家） in reconstructing how dead "protolanguages" would have sounded, says a new study.
"Our computer system is doing a basic job right now," says Alex Bouchard-Côté, an assistant professor in the department of statistics at the University of British Columbia and lead author of the paper describing the algorithm. But the program does a good enough job that it may be able to give linguists a head start, the statistician added.
For centuries, scholars have reconstructed languages by hand: looking at the same word in two or more languages and making educated guesses about what that word's "ancestor" may have sounded like. For example, the Spanish word for man （"hombre"） and the French word for man （"homme"） developed from the Latin word "homo." The way linguists compare words from descendant（后代）languages to reconstruct the parent language is called, appropriately, the comparative method.
The early 19th-century linguist Franz Bopp was the first to compare Greek, Latin and Sanskrit using this method. Jacob Grimm, one of the Brothers Grimm of fairy tale fame, used the comparative method to show how Germanic languages developed from a common ancestor.
The difference between that and Bouchard-Côté's program, the statistician says, "is we do it on a larger scale." As a proof of concept, Bouchard-Côté fed words from 637 Austronesian languages （spoken in Indonesia, the Philippines, Malaysia and more） into the new algorithm, and the system came up with a list of what the ancestor words of all those languages would have sounded like. In more than 85 percent of cases, the automated reconstruction came within one character of the ancestor word commonly accepted as true by linguists.
The algorithm won't replace trained human linguists, but could speed up language analysis.
Using a computer to do large-scale reconstruction offers another advantage. Bouchard-Côté says, “With big data sets, you can really start finding regularities … You might find that certain sounds are more likely to change than others."
So Bouchard-Côté's team tested the "functional load hypothesis（假設(shè)）," which says that sounds that are more important for two clearly different words are less likely to change over time. A formal test of this hypothesis in 1967 looked at four languages; Bouchard-Côté's algorithm looked at 637.
"The revealed pattern would not be obvious if we had not been able to reconstruct large numbers of protolanguages," Bouchard-Côté and his coauthors write in the new study.
In addition to simply helping linguists understand how people spoke in the past, studying ancient languages can perhaps answer historical questions. For example, Bouchard-Côté says, "Say people are interested in finding out when Europe was settled. If you can figure out if the language of the settling population had a word for wheel, then you can get some idea of the order in which things occurred, because you would have some records that show you when the wheel was invented.”
小題1:The underline word “protolanguages” in the first paragraph probably refers to __________.
A．the languages that couldn’t be reconstructed by hand
B．parent languages that existed in the past
C．languages developed from a common ancestor
D．languages used to explain things that occurred in the past
小題2:We can learn from the fourth and fifth paragraphs that the reconstruction of “protolanguage” by scholars __________.
A．is commonly accepted as false
B．dates back to the 19th century
C．focuses on European languages
D．is conducted using the comparative method
小題3:According to Bouchard-Côté, reconstructing the dead "protolanguages" might     _______.
A．a(chǎn)rouse people’s interest in when Europe was settled
B．a(chǎn)llow us to find answers to some historical questions
C．enable us to picture the way linguists communicated
D．help figure out how the wheel was invented
小題4:The author probably wants to prove the computer algorithm program led by Bouchard-Côté ___________.
A．will bring every dead language back to life
B．can take the place of linguists in language analysis
C．is of great help to promote language analysis with big data sets
D．can merely reconstruct Asian-Pacific “protolanguages”

小題1:B
小題2:D
小題3:B
小題4:C 

試題分析：以前語言學(xué)家通過比較的方法研究以前失去的語言，現(xiàn)在由Bouchard-Côté帶領(lǐng)實施的計算程序可以進(jìn)行大量數(shù)據(jù)的語言分析，除了分析語言以外，這項調(diào)查還有助于解決很多歷史問題。
小題1:猜詞題：根據(jù)第四段的句子：The way linguists compare words from descendant（后代）languages to reconstruct the parent language is called, appropriately, the comparative method.可知“protolanguages”指的是過去人們說的語言，選B
小題2:細(xì)節(jié)題：根據(jù)第四段的句子：The way linguists compare words from descendant（后代）languages to reconstruct the parent language is called, appropriately, the comparative method.可知學(xué)者們重新構(gòu)建“protolanguages”是通過對比的方法，選D。
小題3:細(xì)節(jié)題：從文章最后一段的句子：In addition to simply helping linguists understand how people spoke in the past, studying ancient languages can perhaps answer historical questions.可知Bouchard-Côté所說,重新構(gòu)建已經(jīng)失去的原語言，讓我們找到一些歷史問題的答案，選B。
小題4:寫作意圖題：從文章第六段的句子：The difference between that and Bouchard-Côté's program, the statistician says, "is we do it on a larger scale."可知作者可能想證明由Bouchard-Côté帶領(lǐng)實施的計算程序?qū)τ诖龠M(jìn)大量數(shù)據(jù)的語言分析是很有用的。選C。  
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小題1: The writer is in favor of the view that man’s intelligence is given to him____________.
A．a(chǎn)t birth
B．through education
C．neither at birth nor through education
D．both at birth and through education
小題2:If a child is born with low intelligence, he can_____________________.
A．become a genius
B．still become a genius if he should be given special education
C．reach his intelligence limits in rich surroundings
D．not reach his intelligence in his life.
小題3:The example of the twins going to a university and to a factory separately shows_________.
A．the importance of their intelligence
B．the importance of their positions
C．the role of environment on intelligence
D．the part that birth plays

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