How Much to Tip

You’re out to dinner．The food is delicious and the service is fine．You decide to leave a big fat tip．Why? The answer may not be as simple as you think．

Tipping, psychologists have found, is not just about service．Instead, studies have shown that tipping can be affected by psychological reactions to a series of different factors from the waiter’s choice of words, to how they carry themselves while taking orders, to the bill’s total．Even how much waiters remind customers of themselves can determine how much change they pocket by the end of the night．

“Studies before have shown that mimicry （模仿） brings into positive feelings for the mimicker,” wrote Rick van Baaren, a social psychology professor．“These studies show that people who are being mimicked become more generous toward the person who mimics them．”

So Rick van Baaren divided 59 waiters into two groups．He requested that half serve with a phrase such as, “Coming up!” Those in the other half were instructed to repeat the orders and preferences back to the customers．Rick van Baaren then compared their take-home．The results were clear — it pays to mimic your customer．The copycat（模仿者） waiters earned almost double the amount of tips to the other group．

Leonard Green and Joel Myerson, psychologists at Washington University in St．Louis, found the generosity of a tipper may be limited by his bill．After research on the 1,000 tips left for waiters, cabdrivers, hair stylists, they found tip percentages in these three areas dropped as customers’ bills went up．In fact, tip percentages appear to plateau （達到穩(wěn)定水平） when bills topped $100 and a bill for $200 made the worker gain no bigger percentage tip than a bill for $100．

“That’s also a point of tipping,” Green says．“You have to give a little extra to the cab driver for being there to pick you up and something to the waiter for being there to serve you．If they weren’t there, you’d never get any service．So part of the idea of a tip is for just being there．”

72．Apart from service, how many other factors affecting the customers’ tipping are mentioned in the passage?

       A．1．   B．2．   C．3．   D．4．

73．These studies show that _________．

       A．tipping can be affected by physical reactions to many different waiter’s factors

       B．people who are being mimicked usually tip less to the person who mimics them

       C．the mimic waiters can get almost twice as much money as the other group

       D．mimicry makes the mimicker feel bad

74．According to the passage, which of the following will be likely to show the right change of the tip percentages?

         A                   B                  C                  D

75．We know from the passage that the writer seems to __________．

       A．object to Mr Green’s idea about tipping

       B．think part of Mr Green’s explanation is reasonable

       C．give his generous tip to waiters very often

       D．support the opinions of Mr Green and Rick van Baaren about tipping

【小題1】D

【小題2】C

【小題3】C

【小題4】D

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科目：高中英語 來源：四川省成都石室中學(xué)2010屆高三下學(xué)期第三次模擬考試（英語） 題型：閱讀理解


Brittnie Pemberton listened attentively as Jim Herrick took her and her mother, Tanya, on a brief tour of San Diego State University on Thursday．Her dream is much closer to reality after she received a promise from the university．The university promised that she would get a full four-year scholarship to the school as long as she met the entrance requirements．
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科目：高中英語 來源：2011-2012學(xué)年內(nèi)蒙古牙克石林業(yè)一中高二下學(xué)期期末考試英語試卷（帶解析） 題型：閱讀理解

When I was an official of a school in Palo Alto, California, Polly Tyner, the president of our board, wrote a letter that was printed in the Palo Alto Times. Polly’s son, Jim, had great difficulty in school. He was classified as the educationally handicapped and required a great deal of patience on the part of his parents and teachers. But Jim was a happy kid with a great smile that lit up the room. His parents knew his difficulties, but they always tried to help him see his strengths so that he could walk with pride. Shortly after Jim finished high school, he was killed in a motorcycle accident. After his death, his mother submitted this letter to the newspaper.
“Today we buried our 20-year-old son. He was killed in a motorcycle accident on Friday night. How I wish I had known that the last time I had talked to him would be the last time. If I had only known that, I would have said to him, ‘Jim, I love you and I’m always so proud of you.’ I would have taken the time to count the many blessings he had brought to the lives of the people who loved him. I would have taken the time to appreciate his beautiful smile, his laughter, and his genuine love to other people.
“When I put all the good things on the scale and try to balance them with all the irritating (惱人的) things such as the radio that was always too loud, the haircut that wasn’t to our liking, the dirty socks under the bed, etc., I find that the irritations really don’t amount to much.
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【小題1】What’s the meaning of the underlined phrase “the educationally handicapped”?

A．The learning difficulty.
B．The physical problems.
C．The psychological problems.
D．The communication difficulty.
【小題2】According to the writer, which of the following about Jim is TRUE？
A．He was always sad about his school marks.
B．His parents always scolded him about his bad school marks.
C．His study needed more attention from his parents and teachers.
D．He was killed in a car accident.
【小題3】What did Polly think of Jim?
A．He was a lovely boy with a beautiful smile who always loved others.
B．He was physically sick but always happy.
C．He was an irritating boy with some bad habits.
D．He seldom expressed his love for his parents.
【小題4】The purpose of Polly’s letter is to _______.               .
A．memorize her son
B．teach parents to appreciate their children
C．teach children how to be good boys
D．give some advice on how to deal with children’s problems

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科目：高中英語 來源：2013屆四川省樂山市第一中學(xué)高三9月月考英語試卷（帶解析） 題型：閱讀理解

When my brother and I were young, my mom would take us on Transportation Days.
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A．Having a car ride.
B．Taking the train twice.
C．Buying more than one toy.
D．Touring the historic district.
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A．Building confidence in herself.
B．Reducing her use of private cars.
C．Developing her sense of direction.
D．Giving her knowledge about vehicles.
【小題3】The underlined word “paralyzed” (in Para. 5) is closest in meaning to “_______”.
A．displayedB．JustifiedC．IgnoredD．destroyecl
【小題4】Which means of transportation does the writer probably have a dislike of?
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When you think of all the ways your body can get hurt---falling off a bike, stepping on a nail, being bitten by a crazed dog---the aches and pains that come from sitting at a computer may not seem like much.
But more doctors are getting worried about just that. If you sit at a PC the wrong way, the nerves and muscles in your back, neck and arms can get out of line.
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The monitor
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How far away should you sit? Reach your arm out so your fingertips just touch the screen.
The keyboard
It should be directly in front of you. Don’t unfold the legs on the bottom of the keyboard so that it tilts up toward you---it should be as flat as possible, or even tilted away from you. You want your wrists “neutral,” which means straight, not bent. This puts less strain on your nerves and muscles.
Arms should be close to the body. Don’t look at your fingers as you type. Use a document holder to hold papers at the same level as the monitor. Keep the mouse on the same level as the keyboard and close by--- so you don’t have to reach for it.
The chair
Your feet shouldn’t dangle---the blood will pool in your feet. They should rest flat on the floor, or on phone books, if necessary. Your back needs support. Roll up a towel and stick it there.
The Body
If you think of your body as a collection of right angles when you sit at a computer, you should be just fine.
Your hips should be at a 90-degree angle to your back. That takes the pressure off the spine. And your knees should bend at a 90 degree angle so your feet are flat.
【小題1】The passage mainly talks about        .

A．a(chǎn)voiding pains caused by using PCB．the science of ergonomics
C．illness caused by a computerD．how to keep fit
【小題2】The underlined word “ergonomics” most probably means ______ in Chinese.  
A．管理學(xué)B．人機工程學(xué)C．機械工程學(xué)D．經(jīng)濟學(xué)
【小題3】How high should a monitor be placed according to the passage?
A．As high as your arms.
B．A little higher than your eyes.
C．A little lower than your eyes.
D．At the same level as your eyes.
【小題4】How shouldn’t a keyboard be placed?
A．Tilting away from you.B．Tilting up toward you.
C．Flat.D．Not mentioned.
【小題5】How should you place your foot?
A．Rest them on a phone book.B．Rest them on the floor.
C．They should rest flat.D．They should dangle.

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科目：高中英語 來源：2013屆山西省四校高三第四次聯(lián)考英語試卷（帶解析） 題型：閱讀理解

“Drink your milk. It’s good for you!” You’ve probably heard that many times, and it’s true. Milk contains calcium, which is a necessary nutrient for keeping bones and teeth healthy and strong. The U.S. government even requires milk as part of the National School Lunch Program, saying that students should drink one cup of fat-free or low-fat milk at each meal.
Last Thursday, however, a group of doctors asked the government to remove milk from the lunch program. The Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine (PCRM) says, “Milk is high in sugar, high in fat and high in animal protein, all of which have negative effects on health.” “One of the only reasons people talk about dairy, or promote it, is that it is going to help build strong bones.” says Dr. Neal Barnard, president of the PCRM. There are better and healthier ways to get calcium such as eating beans, broccoli, cereals and tofu. Orange juice and soymilk that have calcium added to them also supply the nutrient.
Of course, calcium is important for healthy bones and teeth, but your genes, how much vitamin D you take in and getting an hour’s worth of exercise every day all play a part.
Some nutritionists disagree with the idea that milk isn’t important. Keri Gans, a dietitian, says, “I think it’s irresponsible to take away this beverage that children enjoy, especially among those who are unable to meet their nutrient needs for the day, and remove it from the lunch line.”
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【小題1】What is mainly talked about in the first paragraph?

A．The concern about students’ health.B．Traditional attitudes towards milk.
C．Ways to keep bones and teeth healthy.D．The practice of the U.S. government.
【小題2】According to Dr. Neal Barnard, milk is preferred mainly because _____.
A．children like its tasteB．people ignore its disadvantages
C．it contains more calcium than other foodsD．the calcium in it can build up bone strength
【小題3】We can learn from the text that _____.
A．bone strength is determined by many factors
B．people’s diets shouldn’t contain animal protein
C．the opinion of the PCRM will soon be accepted
D．people should turn to vegetables for calcium

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