Question

People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviors are formed．It is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not, or why one is cooperative （合作的）and another is competitive．

Social scientists are, of course, extremely interested in these types of questions．They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors．There are no clear answers yet, but two distinct schools of thought （學(xué)派）on the matter have developed．As one might expect, the two approaches are very different from one another, and there is a great deal of debate between proponents of each theory．The controversy（argument) is often referred to as “nature and nurture（教育）”．

Those who support the “nature” side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological and genetic factors．That our environment has little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics, and behavior is central to this theory．Taken to an extreme(走極端）, this theory maintains that our behavior is predetermined to such a degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts（本能）．

Proponents of the “nurture” theory, or, as they are often called, behaviorists, claimed that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act．A behaviorist, B．F．Skinner, sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings．The behaviorists’ view of the human being is quite mechanistic（機械論的）; they maintain that, like machines, humans’ respond to environmental stimuli（刺激） as the basis of their behavior．

Socially and politically, the consequences of these two theories are far-reaching．In the US, for example, blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligence tests．This leads some proponents to conclude that blacks are genetically lower in status than whites．Behaviorists, on the contrary, say that the differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often robbed of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy, and that, as a result, they do not develop the same responses that whites do．

Either of these theories cannot yet fully explain human behavior．In fact, it is quite likely that the key to our behavior lies somewhere between these two extremes. That the controversy will continue for a long time is certain．

1.This passage is mainly concerned with             ．

A．relation between personality and behavior

B．relation between behavior and environment

C．different accounts of patterns of human behavior

D．different theories of the formation of human behavior

2.The underlined word " proponents'' in paragraph 2 means          ．

A．creators	B．a(chǎn)dvisors
C．supporters	D．judges

3.In paragraph 5 , the author mainly writes about          ．

A．the considerable（值得考慮的） influence of the two theories

B．differences between the blacks and whites

C．racial discrimination in the United States

D．different responds to intelligence tests

4.What's the author's purpose in writing the passage?

A．To call our attention to the changes of human behavior．

B．To urge scientists to do more research in social science．

C．To give us a detailed explanation of human behavior．

D．To present an argument in the field of social science．

 

Answer 1

【答案】

1.D

2.C

3.A

4.D

【解析】

1.D主旨大意題 這篇文章的結(jié)構(gòu)很明顯是總---分---總，第一段先提出“人們一直很想知道個性和行為是怎樣形成的”，然后每段都提出一個理論，最后一段總結(jié)，所以答案是D。

2.C猜測詞義題 根據(jù)上下文，尤其是前后句。

3.A主旨大意題 題干問第五段主要關(guān)于什么，這要看第五段的結(jié)構(gòu)。第一句很明心是個概括句，下面的論據(jù)是為了證明第一句話。

4.D主旨大意題 結(jié)合文章的首尾可知答案。