Question

12．People are more likely to lie or cheat during the afternoon because self control reduces during the day，according to researchers．
   Volunteers taking part in two experiments where they could benefit by cheating were more likely to do so if the tests took place after midday，researchers found．
   The findings back up previous studies which have shown that our capacity for self-control declines during the day，due to tiredness and repeatedly making decisions．
    Psychologists from Harvard University first showed a group of volunteers various patterns of dots on a computer screen，asking them to decide whether there were more dots on the left or the right hand side．
Instead of being rewarded for getting the answer right，the participants were paid based on which side they chose，earning ten times as much for choosing the right hand side as the left．
   People who were tested after midday were significantly more likely to select the right hand side，even if there were clearly more dots on the left，than those who took part during the morning．
   In a second test，participants were shown a series of word fragments，such as"-ral"and"e-c-"and asked which words they associated with them．
   In morning experiments，participants were more likely to form the words"moral"and"ethical"while during the afternoon the words"coral"and"effects"were most common．
   Further tests conducted online showed that people were more likely to send dishonest messages or claim to have solved an unsolvable problem in the afternoon than in the morning．
   Writing the Psychological Science journal，the researchers said the difference was particularly pronounced in people with higher ethical standards，who always behaved morally during the morning but slipped during the afternoon．
In contrast，those who were able to"morally disengage"，or behave unethically without feeling guilty，tended to cheat whatever the time of day．
   Dr．Maryam Kouchaki，one of the lead authors，said："Unfortunately，the most honest people，such as those less likely to morally disengage，may be the most susceptible （易受影響的） to the negative consequences associated with the morning morality effect．"
   The findings could be relevant to organizations that should be more alert about the behavior of customers and employees during the afternoon，she added．"Our findings suggest that mere time of day can lead to a systematic failure of good people to act morally．"
74．Volunteers can get more money when theyB
A．gave the correct answer                  B．chose the right hand side
C．chose the left hand side                 D．remembered the patterns of dots
75．Why are participants less likely to form words like"ethical"，"moral"in the afternoon？D
A．Because their vocabulary becomes smaller．
B．Because they are unwilling to tell the truth．
C．Because the words are the voice of their heart．
D．Because self control declines after midday．
76．The underlined word"pronounced"（ in paragraph 10 ） is closest in meaning toC
A．dominated            B．a(chǎn)nnounced            C．marked       D．exposed
77．Which of the following statements is TRUE？A
A．The finding especially applies to those who behave ethically．
B．Mere time of day can lead to systematic failure of organizations．
C．The finding doesn't agree with that of previous studies．
D．People who act morally feel guilty after telling a lie．

Answer 1

分析 研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，人們在下午的時(shí)候更傾向于撒謊或作弊，因?yàn)樵诎滋炖锶说淖钥啬芰�會逐漸減弱．下文列舉的幾項(xiàng)實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果證明了這個(gè)結(jié)論，其中一項(xiàng)實(shí)驗(yàn)就是讓參與者根據(jù)給出的字母聯(lián)想單詞，最終結(jié)果表明參與者在早上傾向于拼寫出 ethical、moral 等帶有道德色彩的單詞，而在下午則沒有這種表現(xiàn)，這就是由于參與者的自控能力逐漸減弱．

解答 74：B  細(xì)節(jié)題．由第五段"the participants were paid based on which side they chose，earning ten times as much for choosing the right hand side as the left．"可知，選擇右手邊圖象的志愿者能得到更多錢，故正確答案為B．
75：D  推斷題．由第一段"People are more likely to lie or cheat during the afternoon because self control reduces during the day"并結(jié)合全文可知，該句表達(dá)了全文主旨，即研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，人們在下午的時(shí)候更傾向于撒謊或作弊，因?yàn)樵诎滋炖锶说淖钥啬芰�會逐漸減弱．下文列舉的幾項(xiàng)實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果證明了這個(gè)結(jié)論，其中一項(xiàng)實(shí)驗(yàn)就是讓參與者根據(jù)給出的字母聯(lián)想單詞，最終結(jié)果表明參與者在早上傾向于拼寫出 ethical、moral 等帶有道德色彩的單詞，而在下午則沒有這種表現(xiàn)，這就是由于參與者的自控能力逐漸減弱．故正確答案為D．
76：C  推斷題．首先定位到第十段"the difference was particularly pronounced in people with higher ethical standards"，由下一段段首"In contrast"可知這兩段存在轉(zhuǎn)折對比關(guān)系，而第十一段說明了對于那些根本沒有道德意識的人無論在一天中的哪個(gè)時(shí)段都傾向于欺騙，據(jù)此可推測第十段主要說明對于那些有著較高道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的人，在早上表現(xiàn)得非常有道德而在下午道德感逐漸減弱的這種差異非常顯著（pronounced）．四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中只有 marked 可表達(dá)"顯著的"之意．A項(xiàng)"占主導(dǎo)地位的；強(qiáng)勢的"，B項(xiàng)"宣布的"，D項(xiàng)"暴露的"，均不符合文意．故正確答案為C．
77：A  推斷題．由第十段"the difference was particularly pronounced in people with higher ethical standards，who always behaved morally during the morning but slipped during the afternoon．"可知，對于那些有著較高道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的人，在早上表現(xiàn)得非常有道德而在下午道德感逐漸減弱的這種差異非常顯著；又由第十一段"those who were able to'morally disengage'…tended to cheat whatever the time of day．"可知，對于那些根本沒有道德意識的人無論在一天中的哪個(gè)時(shí)段都傾向于欺騙．綜上可知，這項(xiàng)發(fā)現(xiàn)對于那些表現(xiàn)得很道德的人來說尤其適用．故正確答案為A．

點(diǎn)評 1、要想做好科普英語閱讀理解題，同學(xué)們就要注意平時(shí)多讀科普知識類文章，學(xué)習(xí)科普知識，積累常見的科普詞匯，從根本上提高科普英語的閱讀能力．
2、要熟悉科普類文章的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)．科普類文章一般由標(biāo)題（Head line），導(dǎo)語（Introduction），背景（Back ground），主體（Main body）和結(jié)尾（End）五部分構(gòu)成．標(biāo)題是文章中心思想高度而又精辟的概括，但根據(jù)歷年的高考情況來看，這類閱讀理解材料一般不給標(biāo)題，而要同學(xué)們選擇標(biāo)題．導(dǎo)語一般位于整篇文章的首段．背景交待一個(gè)事實(shí)的起因．主體則對導(dǎo)語概括的事實(shí)進(jìn)行詳細(xì)敘述，這一部分命題往往最多，因此，閱讀時(shí)，同學(xué)們要把這部分作為重點(diǎn)．結(jié)尾往往也是中心思想的概括，并與導(dǎo)語相呼應(yīng)，命題者常在此要設(shè)計(jì)一道推理判斷題．　　
3、在進(jìn)行推理判斷時(shí)，同學(xué)們一定要以閱讀材料所提供的科學(xué)事實(shí)為依據(jù)，同時(shí)所得出的結(jié)論還應(yīng)符合基本的科普常識．