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科目： 來源： 題型：閱讀理解

As anyone who has tried to lose weight knows, realistic goal-setting generally produces the best results. That’s partly because most people who set realistic goals actually work more efficiently, and put more effort, to achieve those goals.
What’s far less understood by scientists, however, are the potentially harmful effects of goal-setting. Newspapers convey daily accounts of goal-setting widespread in industries and businesses up and down both Wall Street and Main Street, yet there has been surprisingly little research on how the long-advocated practice of setting goals may have contributed to the current economic crisis, and immoral behavior in general.
“Goals are widely used and promoted as having really beneficial effects. And yet, the same motivation that can push people to put more effort in a constructive way could also motivate people to be more likely to engage in immoral behaviors,” says Maurice Schweitzer, an associate professor at Penn’s Wharton School. His paper, titled “Goals Gone Wild: The Systematic Side Effects of Over-Praised Goal Setting,” appears in the February issue of the Academy of Management Perspectives.
“It turns out there’s no financial benefit to just having a goal---you just get a psychological benefit” Schweitzer says. “But in many cases, goals have financial rewards that make them more powerful.”
A major example Schweitzer and his colleagues give is the 2004 breakdown of energy-trading giant Enron( 德國安然公司), where managers used financial rewards to motivate salesmen to meet specific goals. The problem, Schweitzer says, is that the actual trades were not profitable. 
Other studies have shown that burdening employees with unrealistic goals can force them to lie, cheat or steal. Such was the case in the early 1990s when Sears（西爾斯公司）placed a sales quota (銷售限額) on its auto repair staff. It inspired employees to overcharge for work and to complete unnecessary repairs on a companywide basis.
Schweitzer admits his research runs counter to a very large body of literature that praises the many benefits of goal-setting. Advocates of the practice have argued with his team’s use of such evidence as news accounts to support his conclusion that goal-setting is widely over-praised.
In a rebuttal (反駁) paper, Dr. Edwin Locke writes: “Goal-setting is not going away. Organizations cannot grow without being focused on their desired end results any more than an individual can grow without goals to provide a sense of purpose.”
But Schweitzer argues the “evidence” linking goal-setting and harmful behavior should be studied to help draw attention to issues that deserve attention and further investigation. “Even a few negative effects could be so large that they outweigh many positive effects,” he says.
The debate is likely to get heated on in future papers, and the practice of setting goals no doubt will continue. For now, though, the lesson seems to be to put more thought into setting goals.
“Goal-setting does help motivate people. My idea would be to combine that with careful management, a strong organizational culture, and make sure the goals that you use are going to be constructive and not significantly harmful to the organization,” Schweitzer says

  1. 1.

    What does Maurice Schweitzer want to show by mentioning the example of Enron?

    1. A.
      Setting realistic goals can turn a failing business into success
    2. B.
      Businesses are likely to succeed without realistic goals
    3. C.
      Companies are certain to meet specific goals with financial rewards
    4. D.
      Goals with financial rewards have strong motivational power
  2. 2.

    How did Sears’ goal-setting affect its employees?

    1. A.
      They had to work more hours to increase their sales
    2. B.
      They competed with one another to attract more customers
    3. C.
      They turned to immoral practice to reach their goals
    4. D.
      They improved their customer service on a companywide basis
  3. 3.

    The underlined words “runs counter to” (Paragraph 7) can be replaced by ________

    1. A.
      agrees with
    2. B.
      goes against
    3. C.
      fits in with
    4. D.
      applies to
  4. 4.

    What is Edwin Locke’s argument against Schweitzer?

    1. A.
      The practice of setting goals only helps people to develop
    2. B.
      Goal-setting is of no use motivating people to accomplish their tasks
    3. C.
      The positive effects of goal-setting outweigh its negative effects
    4. D.
      Studying goal-setting can contribute to successful business practices
  5. 5.

    According to the passage, the author tries to convey ___________

    1. A.
      the goals that most people set are unrealistic
    2. B.
      all people can improve their work quality by setting goals
    3. C.
      setting goals can provide people with a sense of purpose
    4. D.
      people should not ignore the negative effects of goal-setting

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科目： 來源： 題型：閱讀理解

Thanksgiving is an important festival in North America. We interviewed several students from the US and Canada. Here is what they have told us about their Thanksgiving experiences.
Josie from New York, USA
“In America, Thanksgiving is celebrated every year at the end of November. It is to remember the first group of people from Europe to live in America. When they first arrived, they found the environment strange. But they learned to survive after some native American friends showed them how to grow and find food. Thanksgiving is meant to be a traditional celebration.”
Todd from California, USA
“Thanksgiving is the first day of Christmas shopping. That means we have four weeks to buy Christmas presents for our families and friends. For me and my friends, the most important part of the festival is the big football game on TV. The match is watched by millions of people all over America. Thanksgiving is seen as an exciting day for football!”
Ian from Saskatoon, Canada
In Canada, Thanksgiving is held on the 2nd Monday in October. On the Sunday before Thanksgiving Day, many people go to church. Thanks is given for all the good things that happened to them during the year. I always give thanks for the nice big turkey I’m going to have at the family dinner! Like all festivals, Thanksgiving is about food!
Katie from Maritimes, Canada
On Thanksgiving Day, we have dinner with all our cousins, aunts and uncles. It is always very busy. Sometimes we have two Thanksgiving dinners because we go to both our grandparents’ houses. The dinner is usually attended by more than twenty people at each house! My mother and my aunts do all the cooking but the washing-up is done by me and my cousins. And that’s not an easy job! But I don’t mind because Thanksgiving is meant to be a time to give thanks

  1. 1.

    People in the USA and Canada ____________

    1. A.
      all have the same opinion of Thanksgiving
    2. B.
      have different opinions of Thanksgiving
    3. C.
      feel that Thanksgiving is about food
    4. D.
      have no interest in Thanksgiving
  2. 2.

    Which of the people interviewed feels that Thanksgiving is all about football?

    1. A.
      Ian
    2. B.
      Josie
    3. C.
      Todd
    4. D.
      Katie
  3. 3.

    Where does the person who thinks that Thanksgiving is a traditional celebration come from?

    1. A.
      New York
    2. B.
      California
    3. C.
      Saskatoon
    4. D.
      Maritimes
  4. 4.

    For what reasons do people give thanks at Thanksgiving?

    1. A.
      All the good things that have happened
    2. B.
      Presents, a big turkey
    3. C.
      Grandparents, food
    4. D.
      Football, traditions

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科目： 來源： 題型：閱讀理解

Alice's Adventures in Wonderland is one of the most loved children's books of all time, and many adults enjoy it as well. It tells the story of a young girl named Alice, who follows a rabbit entering a magical world called Wonderland: she has many experiences which seem to change the rules of reasoning or common sense. The popularity of the book comes from its imagination, interesting story, and art work.
The writer of the book is Lewis Carroll. In fact, Lewis Carroll was not the writer's real name. His real name was Charles Dodgson. One day, he took a boat ride down the Thames River to have a picnic with three little girls who were friends of the family. To keep them entertained on the ride, he told them a story in which Alice, the middle child, was the main character. They enjoyed the story very much.
Charles later wrote the story down under the name Alice's Adventures under Ground and gave it to Alice as a Christmas present. Later, he gave a copy to his friend George MacDonald. George read it to his children and they loved it. George suggested to Charles that he make a book from his story. Charles then wrote more parts to the story until it was around 35,000 words. It was first printed in 1866, with art work by John Tenniel, under the name Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. The book was an immediate success. 
One of its first fans was Queen Victoria. She immediately requested a collection of all of Lewis Carroll's works. She was surprised to find that they included many works on math. In fact, Charles Dodgson was a highly respected mathematician. This can be seen in many puzzles and plays on reasoning that appear in his books and poems.
Since the story was first printed, it has kept selling up to the present day. It has been translated into over fifty languages and has had several movies based on it. The story is even mentioned in the popular 1999 film The Matrix by the character Morpheus

  1. 1.

    The passage is mainly about _____

    1. A.
      Charles' family life
    2. B.
      a girl's adventurous experience
    3. C.
      a magical world called wonderland
    4. D.
      the birth of a book and its lasting influences
  2. 2.

    Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?

    1. A.
      The writer published his works under his real name
    2. B.
      The character Alice was based on from George's child
    3. C.
      John contributed partly to the popularity of the book
    4. D.
      Charles offered a copy to George as a present
  3. 3.

    We can learn from the passage that _____

    1. A.
      Queen Victoria asked for a few of Charles' writings
    2. B.
      Charles was good at reasoning and writing
    3. C.
      Charles had his works translated into fifty languages
    4. D.
      The Matrix was based on Alice's Adventures in Wonderland
  4. 4.

    Which of the following is the right order of the passage?
    a. Charles gave his story to Alice as a Christmas present. 
    b. Charles had a picnic with three little girls on the Thames. 
    c. Alice's Adventures in Wonderland was first printed in l866. 
    d. More parts were added to the story by Charles. 
    e. The book won a large number of fans

    1. A.
      c-b-a-d-e
    2. B.
      c-a-b-e-d
    3. C.
      b-a-d-c-e
    4. D.
      b-a-c-e-d

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科目： 來源： 題型：閱讀理解

The quest for success always begins with a target. As Berra once said , ＂you get to be very careful if you don＇t know where you＇re going, because you might not get there.＂
Too many people wander through life like sleepwalkers. Each day they follow familiar routines, never asking, ＂What am I doing with my life?＂and they don＇t know what they＇re doing because they lack goals.
Goal-setting is a focus of the will to move in a certain direction. Begin with a clear conception of what you want. Write down your goals and date them---putting them into words clarifies them. Rather than concentrating on objects to acquire and possess, focus on fulfilling your desires to do, to produce, to contribute to goal-setting that yields the true sense of satisfaction we all need.
It’s important to visualize(想象)yourself accomplishing your goal. While losers visualize the penalties(不利) of failure, winners visualize the rewards of success. I’ve seen it among athletes, statistics contrasting air and highway safety, but it made no difference. I had read too many articles describing crash scenes and imagined these scenes vividly. I had programmed myself, without realizing it ,to stay off planes.
Then one summer I had the opportunity to fly on a private plane with friends to a resort; I didn’t want to miss out on a great vacation. So I spent two weeks imagining a smooth flight on a beautiful sunny day and an easy landing.
When the day arrived, I was eager to go . To everyone＇s surprise, I got on the plane and I loved every minute of it , and I still use the techniques I employed that day

  1. 1.

    According to the passage, if you want to be successful ,the first thing for you to do is to         

    1. A.
      find the right methods
    2. B.
      be careful about everything
    3. C.
      know your ability
    4. D.
      have a clear goal
  2. 2.

    The problem with the author before he overcame his fear of air travel is that        

    1. A.
      he didn’t know air travel is safer than highway travel
    2. B.
      he couldn’t imagine himself accomplishing his goal
    3. C.
      he read too much about plane crashes and tried to avoid flying
    4. D.
      he wanted to take a private plane instead of a public one
  3. 3.

    What would be the best title for this passage?

    1. A.
      Defining Your Goal
    2. B.
      Visualizing Reward of Success
    3. C.
      Overcoming the Fear of Air Travel
    4. D.
      Sleepwalking Through life

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科目： 來源： 題型：閱讀理解

To us it seems so natural to put up an umbrella to keep the water off when it rains, but actually the umbrella was not invented as protection against the rain, Its first use was as a shade against the sun!
Nobody knows who first invented it, but the umbrella was used in very ancient times. Probably the first to use it were the Chinese in the 11th century BC.
We know that the umbrella was used in ancient Egypt and Babylon as a sunshade. And there was a strange thing connected with its use: it became a symbol of honor. In the Far East in ancient times, the umbrella was allowed to be used only by those in high office.
In Europe, the Greeks were the first to use the umbrella as a sunshade. And the umbrella was in commonly used in ancient Greece. But it is believed that the first persons in Europe to use the umbrella as protection against the rain were the ancient Romans.
During the Middle Ages, the use of the umbrella practically disappeared. Then it appeared again in Italy in the late sixteenth century. And again it was considered as a symbol of power. By 1680, the umbrella appeared in France and later in England.
By the eighteenth century, the umbrella was used against rain throughout most of Europe.
Umbrellas have not changed much in style during all this time, though they have become much lighter in weight. It wasn’t until the twentieth century that women’s umbrellas began to be made , in a whole variety of colors

  1. 1.

    According to this passage, the umbrella was probably first invented in ancient_______

    1. A.
      China
    2. B.
      Egypt
    3. C.
      Greece
    4. D.
      Rome
  2. 2.

    Which of the following statements is not true about the umbrella?

    1. A.
      No one exactly knows who the inventor of the umbrella was
    2. B.
      The umbrella was first invented to be used as protection against the sun
    3. C.
      The umbrella changed much in style in the eighteenth century
    4. D.
      In Europe, the Greeks were the first to use the umbrella as a sunshade
  3. 3.

    A strange feature of the umbrella’s use is that it was used as__________

    1. A.
      protection against rain
    2. B.
      a symbol of honor and power
    3. C.
      a shade against the sun
    4. D.
      women’s decoration
  4. 4.

    In Europe, the umbrella was first used against the rain_______________

    1. A.
      during the Middle Ages
    2. B.
      in Rome
    3. C.
      by the 18th
    4. D.
      in Greece
  5. 5.

    This passage talks mainly about_______________

    1. A.
      when and how the umbrella was invented
    2. B.
      why the umbrella was so popular in Europe
    3. C.
      the development of the umbrella
    4. D.
      The history and use of the umbrella

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科目： 來源： 題型：閱讀理解

Once my friend Peterson bought a pack of chicken, the brand of which was very famous at that time. But when he got home he found that the chicken had gone bad. He took the chicken back to the shop and he was paid twice of the price. We may say now he should have been satisfied but my friend would not like to stop. He decided to write a letter to Frank,  president of the company, who was also the founder of the chicken brand.
About a week later he received a letter written by the president himself. In the letter he apologized to my friend for the company whole-heartedly. There was also a card in the envelope, with which my friend could get another pack of chicken in any of the shops. In the end my friend was asked to answer some questions.
1. When and where did you buy the chicken?
2. What was the real problem of the chicken?
3. What did the shop assistant say to you when you took the chicken back to the shop?
4. What do you think is the reason for the chicken to go bad?
5. What do you suggest we should do to get away from such problems?
Two days later, my friend also received a telephone call from the president’s office, asking whether he had received the letter as well as the card and then some other questions. Since then, my friend has always bought chicken only of this brand whenever he wanted to

  1. 1.

    What did the author’s friend get when he took the bad chicken back to the shop?

    1. A.
      Another pack of chicken
    2. B.
      Two packs of chicken
    3. C.
      Money twice of the price
    4. D.
      A whole-hearted apology
  2. 2.

    What did the author’s friend do when he came back from the shop after he was paid back?

    1. A.
      He felt satisfied with the result
    2. B.
      He wrote a letter to the President of the US
    3. C.
      He became very angry with the shop assistant
    4. D.
      He wrote a letter to the president of the company
  3. 3.

    A week later the author’s friend received ___

    1. A.
      A letter of apology
    2. B.
      A card with which he could get another pack of chicken
    3. C.
      Neither the letter nor the card
    4. D.
      Both of the letter and the card
  4. 4.

    What do you think is the author’s friend’s attitude towards the chicken brand?

    1. A.
      He still believes in it
    2. B.
      He doesn’t believe it at all
    3. C.
      He will never buy it again
    4. D.
      He has never been satisfied with it
  5. 5.

    What can’t we infer from the passage?

    1. A.
      The company may still be a top brand now
    2. B.
      The president of the company is a responsible person
    3. C.
      The company must have closed down
    4. D.
      The author may even believe in the chicken brand

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科目： 來源： 題型：閱讀理解

I was 9 years old when I found out my father was ill. It was 1994, but I can remember my mother's words as if it were yesterday: “Kerrel, I don't want you to take food from your father, because he has AIDS. Be very careful when you are around him.”
AIDS wasn't something we talked about in my country when I was growing up. From then on, I knew that this would be a family secret. My parents were not together anymore, and my dad lived alone. For a while, he could take care of himself. But when I was 12, his condition worsened. My father's other children lived far away, so it fell to me to look after him.
We couldn't afford all the necessary medication for him, and because Dad was unable to work, I had no money for school supplies and often couldn't even buy food for dinner. I would sit in class feeling completely lost, the teacher's words muffled as I tried to figure out how I was going to manage.
I did not share my burden (負(fù)擔(dān)) with anyone. I had seen how people reacted to AIDS. Kids laughed at classmates who had parents with the disease. And even adults could be cold. When my father was moved to the hospital, the nurses would leave his food on the bedside table even though he was too weak to feed himself.
I had known that he was going to die, but after so many years of keeping his condition a secret, I was completely unprepared when he reached his final days. Sad and hopeless, I called a woman at the nonprofit National AIDS Support. That day, she kept me on the phone for hours. I was so lucky to find someone who cared. She saved my life.
I was 15 when my father died. He took his secret away with him, having never spoken about AIDS to anyone, even me. He didn't want to call attention to AIDS. I do

  1. 1.

    Which of the following statements about Kerrel’s father is true?

    1. A.
      He had stayed in the hospital since he fell ill
    2. B.
      He depended on the nurses in his final days
    3. C.
      He told no one about his disease
    4. D.
      He worked hard to pay for his medication
  2. 2.

    What can we learn from the underlined sentence?

    1. A.
      Kerrel couldn't understand her teacher
    2. B.
      Kerrel had special difficulty in hearing
    3. C.
      Kerrel was too troubled to focus on the lesson
    4. D.
      Kerrel was too tired to hear her teacher's words
  3. 3.

    Why did Kerrel keep her father's disease a secret?

    1. A.
      She was afraid of being looked down upon
    2. B.
      She thought it was shameful to have AIDS
    3. C.
      She found no one willing to listen to her
    4. D.
      She wanted to obey her mother
  4. 4.

    The purpose of the passage is ________

    1. A.
      To tell people about the sufferings of her father
    2. B.
      To show how little people knew about AIDS
    3. C.
      To remember her father
    4. D.
      To draw people's attention to AIDS

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科目： 來源： 題型：閱讀理解

A study shows that nearly ninety percent of teens report that they have tried alcohol. That’s an increase of 23 percent in just four years!
Each year, 1.1 billion cans of beer are drunk by students aged 15-19 years old. Beer is the most common alcoholic drink among teens—81 percent of the drinkers had tried it. Beer is followed by wine with 63 percent, hard liquor(烈酒) with 53 percent and wine coolers with 35 percent.
When the young people are asked why they drank, the most common answer is that drinking is “something to do”. If a teen’s parents drink alcohol, the teenager is more likely to start drinking at an early age. Also, tens see all of their friends drinking alcohol so they think it is the must-to-do thing. Peer pressure is probably the hardest thing teens have to deal with. What’s more, teens often drink alcohol because it makes them feel older and cooler.
Researchers asked 56,000 students about their drinking habits and grades, to see how drinking might affect their grades in school. The results seem to be clear. Students who got a C level or lower tend to use three times as much alcohol as those who got B’s or A’s.
Alcohol use can be deadly. About 8,100 young people are killed per year in alcohol-related accidents. Eight young people die per day as a result of a drunk-driving accident. Between 50 and 65 percent of all teen suicides (自殺) occur after the young people drink.
So you see, drinking the alcohol doesn’t always end up with a good time. The next time you try to push someone to drink or someone tries to push you to drink, please remember this. One drink can set the habit for life. Why not throw it away?

  1. 1.

    The reasons for teens’ drinking alcohol are mentioned EXCEPT that _______________

    1. A.
      they think it is cool to drink alcohol
    2. B.
      their parents set a bad example to them
    3. C.
      alcohol can make them happier
    4. D.
      peer pressure plays an important role
  2. 2.

    What can we learn from paragraph 4?

    1. A.
      Drinking alcohol makes students stupid
    2. B.
      Good students never try alcohol
    3. C.
      Drinking habits have something to do with IQ
    4. D.
      Students with poor grades tend to use more alcohol
  3. 3.

    The passage was written mainly to ______________________

    1. A.
      show the bad effect of drinking alcohol
    2. B.
      show how many teenagers drink alcohol
    3. C.
      tell teenagers not to try alcohol
    4. D.
      tell the reasons why teenagers drink alcohol

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科目： 來源： 題型：閱讀理解

You will spend hours at the gym training your body, but do you ever think about training your brain? Here are four ways to keep your brain mentally (腦力上地) active and healthy.
Play games
Your brain is a muscle just like the ones in the rest of your body. If you don’t use it, you will lose it. For example, doing a crossword puzzle (縱橫填字游戲) once a day is a good way to give the brain the exercise it needs. This kind of puzzle is good at training different areas of the brain. But remember that when doing this puzzle, you should gradually increase the complexity (復(fù)雜度); otherwise, it will become repetitive (重復(fù)乏味的) and stop being mentally challenging.
Talk aloud
Although it might sound strange to you, talking aloud is a great way to boost your memory. A good exercise to try is counting to 99 in threes as fast as you can.
Be a team leader
If you find you can do your work very easily, you should find a new task. It is important that your job should be mentally challenging. Complex jobs are often more challenging and make the brain work a little harder.
Learn a language
A study found that, compared with those who could speak only one language, the people who could speak two languages had a slower rate of cognitive (認(rèn)知能力) decrease. Learning a new language is very challenging and it makes sure that different areas of the brain have their lights on

  1. 1.

    What is the main idea of this passage?

    1. A.
      Why you should train your brain
    2. B.
      How to be a good team leader
    3. C.
      Training the brain is more important than training the body
    4. D.
      How to make your brain healthy and work actively
  2. 2.

    Which word can replace the word "boost" in the third paragraph?

    1. A.
      Change
    2. B.
      Promote
    3. C.
      Decrease
    4. D.
      Lose
  3. 3.

    We should gradually increase the complexity when doing crossword puzzles because ______

    1. A.
      if we don’t use our brain, we will lose it
    2. B.
      we should make our brain face different challenges
    3. C.
      our brain is a muscle like other parts in our bodies
    4. D.
      these puzzles can work on different areas of the brain
  4. 4.

    Which group of people have a slower rate of cognitive decrease?

    1. A.
      Those who don’t often do crossword puzzles
    2. B.
      Those who don’t often count to 99 in threes
    3. C.
      Those who do their work very easily
    4. D.
      Those who can speak more than one language

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