No matter how many adults use the language,        it isn’t passed to the next generation, it cannot survive.

A．if      B．even though     C．a(chǎn)s     D．a(chǎn)s far as

He seems not to have grasped        I meant,        greatly upsets me.

A．that; which      B．what; which     C．what; that        D．that; that

—Where is Bob? I cannot find him anywhere.

—He        have been off long. I heard him make a call just now.

A．shouldn’t         B．can’t        C．mustn’t    D．needn’t

They claimed        a cure for the disease, but this hasn’t been proved.

A．having discovered                                       B．discovering

C．to have discovered                                      D．to discover

You may probably remember some idioms in the text, but you couldn’t        remember all the words in it.

A．possibly           B．certainly           C．likely        D．surely

As a saying goes, every bean has its black. It is impossible to make no mistakes all one’s life. My grandpa Nybakken, a carpenter, is no   1  . Several decades ago, he made a mistake – a（n）   2  mistake, though.

On a cold Saturday, Mother’s father was building some wooden cases for the clothes his   3  was sending to an orphanage（孤兒院）in China. On his way home, he   4  into his shirt pocket to find his glasses, but they were gone. He remembered putting them there that morning, so he drove back to the church. His search proved   5  .

When he   6  replayed his earlier actions, he realized what happened. The glasses had slipped out of his pocket unnoticed and fallen into one of the cases, which he had nailed shut. His brand new glasses, having   7  him $ 20 that very morning, were heading for China! He had to drive home   7  .

Several months later, the director of the orphanage came to give a speech on Sunday night at my grandfather’s church,  8  Grandpa and his family also attended.

“But most of all, ”he said, “I must thank you for the   10  you sent last year. You see, the bandits（土匪）had just   11  through the orphanage, destroying everything, including my glasses. I was desperate.”

“  12  I had money, there was simply no way of   13  those glasses. Along with not being able to see well, I experienced headaches every day. Then your cases arrived. When my staff   14  the covers, they found a pair of glasses lying on top.”

Then, still gripped（吸收）with the   15  of it all, he continued: “Folks, when I tried   1  the glasses, it was as though they had been made just for me! I want to thank you for being a part of that!”

The people listened,  17  at the special glasses. But the director surely must have   18  their church with another, they thought. There were no glasses on their   19  of items to be sent overseas.

But sitting quietly in the back, with tears  20  down his face, an ordinary carpenter realized the Master Carpenter had used him in an extraordinary way.

1．A．expectation            B．success               C．comment             D．exception

3．A．factory                 B．church                C．family                 D．country

4．A．turned                   B．reached               C．filled                   D．put

5．A．proper                  B．reasonable           C．fruitless               D．unnecessary

6．A．mentally                B．physically            C．a(chǎn)nxiously             D．directly

7．A．charged                B．spent                   C．paid                    D．cost

8．A．disappointed          B．pleased                C．nonstop               D．quick

9．A．which                   B．what                   C．where                 D．when

10．A．cases                  B．clothes                C．glasses                D．wishes

11．A．  cut                    B．swept                  C．pulled                  D．broken

12．A．Unless                 B．As long as           C．Until                   D．Even though

13．A．replacing             B．finding                C．wearing               D．changing

14．A．nailed                  B．burnt                   C．removed              D．took

15．A．preparation          B．pleasure               C．satisfaction          D．wonder

16．A．out                     B．over                    C．for                      D．on

17．A．curious               B．a(chǎn)mazed                C．a(chǎn)nxious               D．eager

18．A．confused             B．a(chǎn)ssociated            C．combined            D．compared

19．A．cases                  B．order                   C．list                      D．ship

20．A．sinking           B．looking                C．streaming           D．floating

Abby Subark is a mother of two kids from Boston. “For my kids, I’m nervous. I don’t know if they’ll be able to achieve their American dream.” She may be right. More than hard work or education, the best way to get rich in America is to be born rich.

It is the case that somebody who is in the upper third of income, with poor scores, at the bottom on tests when they are in eighth grade, is more likely to go to college and finish college than a poor kid with the top scores. That’s what the working persons’ children are up against.

The Economic Policy Institute finds it would take a poor couple with 2 children 9 or 10 generations to achieve middle class status. That’s about 200 years. The typical feature of  American opportunity has always been the ability to do better than your parents. But compared with similar developed countries, the United States ranks fifth out of six for so-called intergenerational mobility (變動).

If you look at the mechanisms (機(jī)制) for upward mobility that were so readily available 50 years ago, they are becoming out of reach, like plentiful factory jobs with good wages and affordable education and health care.

White families are twice as likely as blacks to be upwardly mobile. For most people in America today, where you end up depends on where you start.

If you started in the middle – income class, about 40 to 45 percent of what you are making right now is due to the fact that your parents were in the middle – income class. The rest is up to you.

But for the millions of people who find themselves below the poverty line and the millions more who are the working poor, their starting point for the American dream leaves them painfully far away from the middle class.

1．The main idea of the passage is              .

A．how the middle class comes about in the U.S.

B．it’s hard for poor Americans to realize their American dream

C．social status totally depends on family background

D．upward mobility in America has always been easy.

2．Which of the statements is NOT true according to the passage?

A．People used to have more opportunities for upward mobility.

B．A great many poor people can hardly realize their American dream.

C．You can make all your dreams come true in America if born rich.

D．Rich kids are more likely to go to college than poor kids.

3．The underlined sentence “where you end up depends on where you start” most probably means              .

A．your starting point cannot determine your destination.

B．only a high goal can ensure success.

C．your birth had nothing to do with your fate

D．your family lays solid foundation for your future achievement

4．Why is Abby Subark nervous?

A．Her kids don’t like to compare with rich children.

B．Her kids don’t want to achieve success at all.

C．Her kids can achieve success through hard work and education.

D．Her kids cannot easily reach their goals.

5．What can we infer from the passage?　

A．Poverty causes people much pain.

B．People below the poverty line can never be in the middle class.

C．Lower starting point makes it hard for people to realize their dream.

D．Poor people’s starting point is too low.

Human needs seem endless. When a hungry man gets a meal, he begins to think about an overcoat; when a manager gets a new sports car, a big house and pleasure boats dance into view.

The many needs of mankind might be made up of several levels. When there is money enough to satisfy one level of needs, another level appears.

The first and most basic level of needs involves food. Once this level is satisfied, the second level of needs, clothing and some sort of shelter, appears. By the end of World WarⅡ, these needs were satisfied for a great majority of Americans. Then a third level appeared. It included such items as automobiles and new houses.

By 1957 or 1958 this third level of needs was fairly well satisfied. Then, in the late 1950s, a fourth level of needs appeared: the “l(fā)ife-enriching” level. While the other levels involve physical satisfaction, that is, the feed in comfort, safety, and transportation, this level stresses mental needs for recognition, achievement, and happiness. It includes a variety of goods and services, many of which could be called “l(fā)uxury” items. Among them are vacation trips, the best medical and dental care, and recreation. Also included here are fancy goods and the latest fashions.

On the fourth level, a lot of money is spent on services, while on the first three levels more is spent on goods. Will consumers raise their sights to a fifth level of needs as their income increases, or will they continue to demand luxuries and personal services on the fourth level?

A fifth level would probably involve needs that can be achieved best by community action. Consumers may be spending more on taxes to pay for government action against disease, ignorance, crime, and prejudice. After filling our stomachs, our clothes closets, our garages, our teeth and our minds, we now may seek to ensure the health, safety, and leisure to enjoy more fully the good things on the first four levels.

1．Man will begin to think about such needs as housing and clothing only when he has          .

A．saved up enough money

B．grown dissatisfied with his simple shelter

C．satisfied his need of food

D．learned to build houses

2．It can be inferred from the passage that by the end of World War II, most Americans        .

A．were very confident                             B．lived in poverty

C．had their new houses                           D．did not own automobiles

3．Which of the following is NOT related to “physical satisfaction”?

A．Watching a football match.                B． A comfortable home.

C．A good meal.                                D．A family car.

4．What is the people’s main concern on the fourth level?

A．More goods.                                      B．More mental satisfaction.

C．Community action.                             D．More earnings.

5．The author tends to think that the fifth level         .

A．would be easier to attain than the fourth level

B．would be more concerned with social services

C．would lose interest in “physical satisfaction”

D．would be attainable before the government takes actions

In recent years many countries of the world have been faced with the problem of how to make their workers more productive. Some experts claim the answer is to make jobs more varied. But do more varied jobs lead to greater productivity? There is evidence to suggest that while variety certainly makes workers’ life more enjoyable, it does not actually make them work harder. As far as increasing productivity is concerned, the variety is not an important factor. Other experts feel that giving the worker freedom to do his job in his own way is important and there is no doubt that this is true. The problem is that this kind of freedom cannot easily be given in the modern factory with its complicated machinery which must be used in a fixed way. Thus while freedom of choice may be important, there is usually very little that can be done to creat it. Another important consideration is how much each worker contributes to the product he is making. In most factories the worker sees only one small part of the product. Some car factories are now experimenting with having many small production lines rather than one large one, so that each worker contributes more to the production of the cars on his line. It would seem that not only is degree of workers’ contribution an important factor, but it is also one we can do something about. To what extent more money lead to greater productivity? The workers themselves certainly think this important. But perhaps they want more money only because the work they do is so boring. Money just lets them enjoy their spare time more. A similar argument may explain demands for shorter working hours. Perhaps if we succeed in making their jobs more enjoyable, they will neither want more money, nor will shorter working hours be so important to them.

1．Which of the following is not mentioned as a factor leading to greater productivity?

　　A．Making jobs more varied.

　　B．More money and shorter working hours.

　　C．Degrees of work contribution.

　　D．Modern and complicated machinery.

2．According to the passage, workers want more money because          .

A．their jobs are very boring                      B．they can enjoy more freedom

C．it makes their jobs more interesting        D．they want shorter working hours

3．If we succeed in making workers’ job more interesting,          .

　　A．they will want more money

　　B．they will demand shorter working hours

　　C．they will ask for more money and shorter working hours

　　D．more money and shorter working hours will not be so concerned

4．In this passage, the author tries to tell us          .

　　A．how to make workers more comfortable

　　B．possible factors leading to greater productivity

　　C．more money leads to greater productivity

　　D．how to make workers’ jobs more interesting

5．The author of this passage is probably a           .

　　A．teacher 　　   B．worker 　　    C．manager 　　  D．physicist

Drug Reactions – A Major Cause of Death

Adverse（不良的）drug reactions may cause the deaths of over 100,000 US hospital patients each year, making them a leading cause of death nationwide, according to a report in the Journal of the American Medical Association.

 “The incidence （發(fā)生率）of serious and fatal adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in US hospital was found to be extremely high,” say researchers at the University of Toronto in Ontario, Canada.

They carried on an analysis of 39 ADR-related studies at US hospitals over the past 30 years and defined as ADR as “any harmful, unintended, and undesired effect of a drug which occurs at doses used in humans for prevention, diagnosis, or therapy（治療）.”

An average of 6.7% of all hospitalized patients experience an ADR every year, according to the researchers. They estimate that “in 1994, overall 2,216, 000 hospitalized patients had serious ADRs, and 106,000 had fatal ADRs.” This means that ADRs may rank as the fourth single largest cause of death in America.

And these incidence figures are probably conservative, the researchers add, since their ADR definition did not include outcomes linked to problems in drug administration, overdoses, drug abuse, and therapeutic failures.

The control of ADRs also means spending more money. One US study estimated the overall cost of treating ADRs at up to $4 billion per year.

Dr. David Bates of Brigham and women’s hospital in Boston, Massachusetts, believes that healthcare workers need to pay more attention to the problem, especially since many ADRs are easily preventable. “When a patient develops an allergy or sensitivity, it is often not recorded, ” Bates notes,” and patients receive drug to which they have known allergies or sensitivities with disturbing frequency.” He believes computerized surveillance(監(jiān)視)systems–still works – in – progress at many of the nation’s hospitals – should help cut down the frequency of these types of errors.

1．Researchers at the University of Toronto believes that            .

A．ADRs have caused medical problems, though they seldom lead to death.

B．ADRs have very often caused patients to die in Canada.

C．ADRs have caused many deaths in America over the past 30 years.

D．it is easy to prevent ADRs from happening.

2．According to the passage, about 7 out of 100 hospitalized patients in America           .

       A．die of ADRs each year                          B．never experience ADRs each year

       C．suffer from ADRs each year                 D．have fatal ADRs each year

3．Adverse drug reactions might include           .

       A．a(chǎn)n allergy to a certain drug                    B．drug abuse

       C．problems in drug administration             D．therapeutic failures

4．The underlined word “conservative” in the 5th paragraph possible means           .

       A．very exact           B．too high               C．underestimates     D．too low

5．According to Dr David Bates, hospitals in America           .

       A．a(chǎn)re not paying enough attention to possibilities of ADRs happenings

       B．have never tried to use computers to prevent ADRs from happening

       C．shouldn’t use those drugs which will cause side effects to their patients

       D．should know that many ADRs are not easily preventable