(10·北京D篇)

The Cost of Higher Education

       Individuals (個人) should pay for their higher education.

       A university education is of huge and direct benefit to the individual. Graduates earn more than non-graduates. Meanwhile, social mobility is ever more dependent on having a degree. However, only some people have it. So the individual, not the taxpayers, should pay for it. There are pressing calls on the resources (資源) of the government. Using taxpayers' money to help a small number of people to earn high incomes in the future is not one of them.

       Full government funding (資助) is not very good for universities. Adam Smith worked in a Scottish university whose teachers lived off student fees. He knew and looked down upon 18th-century Oxford, where the academics lived comfortably off the income received from the government. Guaranteed salaries, Smith argued, were the enemy of hard work; and when the academics were lazy and incompetent, the students were similarly lazy.

       If students have to pay for their education, they not only work harder, but also demand more from their teachers. And their teachers have to keep them satisfied. If that means taking teaching seriously, and giving less time to their own research interests, that is surely something to celebrate.

       Many people believe that higher education should be free because it is good for the economy (經(jīng)濟). Many graduates clearly do contribute to national wealth, but so do all the businesses that invest (投資) and create jobs. If you believe that the government should pay for higher education because graduates are economically productive, you should also believe that the government should pay part of business costs. Anyone promising to create jobs should receive a gift of capital from the government to invest. Therefore, it is the individual, not the government, who should pay for their university education.

68. The underlined word "them" in Paragraph 2 refers to

      A. taxpayers                     B. pressing calls

      C. college graduates              D. government resources

 69. The author thinks that with full government funding

      A. teachers are less satisfied

      B. students are more demanding

      C. students will become more competent

      D. teachers will spend less time on teaching

 70. The author mentions businesses in Paragraph 5 in order to

      A. argue against free university education

      B. call on them to finance students' studies

C. encourage graduates to go into business

D. show their contribution to higher education

 (10·湖北E篇)

Have you winterized your horse yet? Even though global warming may have made our climate more mild, many animals are still hibernating(冬眠) .It’s too bad that humans can’t hibernate. In fact, as a species, we almost did.

Apparently, at times in the past , peasants in France liked a semi-state of human hibernation . So writes Graham Robb, a British scholar who has studied the sleeping habits of the French peasants. As soon as the weather turned cold people all over France shut themselves away and practiced the forgotten art of doing nothing at all for months on end.

In line with this, Jeff Warren, a producer at CBC Radio’s The Current, tells us that the way we sleep has changed fundamentally since the invention of artificial(人造的) lighting and the electric bulb.

When historians began studying texts of the Middle Ages, they noticed something referred to as “first sleep”, which was not clarified, though.  Now scientists are telling us our ancestors most likely slept in separate periods. The business of eight hours’ uninterrupted sleep is a modern invention.

In the past , without the artificial light of the city to bathe in, humans went to sleep when it became dark and then woke themselves around midnight. The late night period was known as ”The Watch” It was when people actually kept watch against wild animals ,although many of them simply moved around or visited family and neighbours .

According to some sleep researchers, a short period of insomnia(失眠) at midnight is not a disorder .It is normal . Humans can experience another state of consciousness  around their sleeping, which occurs in the brief period before we fall asleep or wake ourselves in the morning .This period can be an extraordinarily creative time for some people .The impressive inventor, Thomas Edison , used this state to hit upon many of his new ideas.

Playing with your sleep rhythms can be adventurous  ,as anxiety may set in. Medical science doesn’t help much in this case. It offers us medicines for a full night’s continuous sleep, which sounds natural ; however, according to Warren’s theory，it is really the opposite of what we need.

67.The example of the French peasants shows the fact that________.

  A. people might become lazy as a result of too much sleep

  B. there were signs of  hibernation in human sleeping habits

  C.people tended to sleep more peacefully in cold weather

  D. winter was a season for people to sleep for months on end

68. The late night was called “The Watch”because it was a time for people______.

  A. to set traps to catch animals

  B. to wake up their family and neighbours

  C. to remind others of the time

  D.to guard against possible dangers

69. What does the author advise people to do ?

  A. Sleep in the way animals do.

  B.Consult a doctor if they can’t sleep.

  C.Follow their natural sleep rhythm.

  D.Keep to the eight-hour sleep pattern.

70.What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage?

A.To give a prescription for insomnia.

B.To urge people to sleep less.

C.To analyze the sleep pattern of modern people.

D.To throw new light on human sleep.

 (10·湖北B篇)

For many parents , raising a teenager is like fighting a long war ,but years go by without any clear winner . Like a border conflict between neighboring countries ,the parent-teen war is about boundaries: Where is the line between what I control and what you do?

Both sides want peace ,but neither feels it has any power to stop the conflict . In part ,this is because neither is willing to admit .any responsibility for starting it . From the parents’ point of view, the only cause of their fight is their adolescents’ complete unreasonableness. And of course .the  teens see it in exactly the same way , except oppositely . Both feel trapped

In this article. I’ll describe three no-win situations that commonly arise between teens and parents and then suggest some ways out of the trap. The first no-win situation is quarrels over         unimportant things . Examples include the color of the teen’s hair, the cleanliness of the bedroom ,the preferred style of clothing , the child’s failure to eat a good breakfast before school ,or his tendency to sleep until noon on the weekends .Second ,blaming.The goal of a blaming battle is to make the other admit that his bad attitude is the reason why everything goes wrong . Third , needing to be right ,It doesn’t matter what the topic is –politics. The taws of physics ,or the proper way to break an egg –the point of these arguments is to prove that you are right and the other person is wrong .for both wish to be considered an authority—someone who actually knows something — and  therefore to command respect. Unfortunately , as long as long as parents and teens continue to assume that they know more than the other ,they’ll continue to fight these battles forever and never make any real progress

55. Why does the author compare the parent-teen war to a border conflict?

A. Both can continue for generations .

B. Both are about where to draw the line

C. Neither has any clear winner

D. Neither can be put to an end

56. What does the underlined part in Paragraph 2 mean?

A. The teens blame their parents for starting the conflict.

B. The teens agree with their parents on the cause of the conflict

C. The  teens acouse their parents of misleading them

D. The teens tend to have a full understanding of their parents

57.Parents and teens want to be right because they want to ________.

A. give orders to the other

B. know more than the other

C. gain respect from the other

D.get the other to behave properly

58. What will the author most probably discuss in the paragraph that follows?

A. Causes  for the parent –teen conflicts

B. Examples of the parent –teen war.

C. Solutions for the parent –teen problems

D. Future of the parent-teen relationship

 (10·全國ⅠD篇)

Science can't explain the power of pets, but many studies have shown that the company of pets can help lower blood pressure (血壓) and raise chances of recovering from a heart attack, reduce loneliness and spread all-round good cheer.

     Any owner will tall you how much joy a pet brings. For some, an animal provides more comfort than a husband/wife. A 2002 study by Karen Allen of the State University of New York measured stress (緊張) levels and blood pressure in people - half of them pet owners –while they performed 5 minutes of mental arithmetic (算術(shù)) or held a hand in ice water. Subjects completed the tasks alone, with a husband/wife, a close friend or with a pet. People with pets did

It best .Those tested with their animal friends had smaller change in blood pressure and returned

Most quickly to baseline heart rates .With pets in the room ,people also made fewer math mistakes

Than when doing in front of other companions. It seems people feel more released (放松)around

Pets, says Allen, who thinks it may be because pets don’t judge.

A study reported last fall suggests that having a pet dog not only raises your spirits but may also have an effect on your eating habits. Researchers at Northwesterm Memorial Hospital spent a

Year studying 36 fat people and were put on a diet-and-exercise programs; a separate group of

56 fat people without pets were put on a diet program. On average，people lost about 11 pounds，

Or 5% of their body weight .Their dogs did even better，losing an average of 12 pounds，more then

15%of their body weight .Dog owners didn’t lose any more weight than those without dogs but ,say

Researchers，got more exercise overall –mostly with their dogs –and found it worth doing.

67．What does the text mainly discuss?

A．What pets bring to their owners

B．How pets help people calm down

C．people’s opinions of keeping pets

D．Pet’s value in medical research

68．We learn from the text that a person with heart disease has a better chance of getting well if

____________

A．he has a pet companion

B．he has  less stress of  work

C．he often dose mental arithmetic

D．he is taken care of by his family

69．According to Allen, why did the people do better with pets around when facing stressful tasks?

    A．They have lower blood pressure.

    B．They become more patient.

    C．They are less nervous.

    D．They are in higher spirits.

70．The research mentioned in the last paragraph reports that

    A．people with dogs did more exercise

    B．dogs lost the same weight as people did

    C．dogs liked exercise much more than people did

    D．people without dogs found the program unhelpful

 (10·廣東C篇)

Food sometimes gets poisoned with harmful things. A person who eats such food can get an illness called food poisoning. Food poisoning is usually not serious, but some types are deadly. The symptoms of food poisoning usually begin within hours of eating the poisoned food. Fever is one of the most common symptoms.

Certain microorganisms（微生物）cause most types of food poisoning. Bacteria and other microorganisms can poison eggs, meat, vegetables, and many other foods. After entering the body, these tiny living things release（釋放）poisons that make people sick.

Some chemicals can also cause food poisoning. They are often added to food while it is being grown, processed, or prepared. For example, many farmers spray chemicals on crops to kill weeds and insects. Some people may have a bad reaction to those chemicals when they eat the crops.

Some plants and animals contain natural poisons that are harmful to people. These include certain kinds of seafood, grains, nuts, seeds, beans, and mushrooms.

When people handle food properly, the risk of food poisoning is very small. Microorganisms multiply rapidly in dirty places and in warm temperatures. This means that people should never touch food with dirty hands or put food on unwashed surfaces. Food should be kept in a refrigerator to stop microorganisms from growing. Meat needs to be cooked thoroughly to kill any dangerous microorganisms. People should also wash food covered with chemicals before eating it. Finally, people should not eat wild mushrooms or other foods that grow in the wild. Some of these foods may contain natural materials that are poisonous to humans. In addition, some types of fish can be poisonous.

Most people recover from food poisoning after a few days of resting and drinking extra water. If people eat natural poisons, they must go to the hospital right away to have their stomachs emptied.

51. Which of the following statements is NOT true?

A. Food when poisoned can make people sick.

B. Food poisoning means death.

C. Food poisoning comes in varieties.

D. Food poisoning can be serious.

52.We know from the passage that the symptoms of food poisoning         .

       A.are always accompanied by a fever

       B.are too common to be noted

       C.can be noticed within hours

       D.can he ignored

53.Food poisoning can be caused by all the following EXCEPT        .

       A.some chemicals

       B.low temperatures

       C.some tiny living things

       D.certain natural materials

54.From Paragraph 5,we can learn that         .

       A.mushrooms should not be eaten

       B.vegetables are safer than meat and seafood

       C.natural poisons are more dangerous than chemicals

       D.different types of food should be handled differentlyW_w w.k*s*5 u.c@o m

55.It can be inferred from the passage that        .

       A.natural materials are safe in food processing

       B.chemicals are needed in food processing

       C.food poisoning can be kept under control

       D.food poisoning is out of control

 (10·廣東B篇)

When something goes wrong，it can be very satisfying to say，”Well,it’s so-and-so’s fault.”or “I know I’m late，but it’s not my fault；the car broke down.”It is probably not your fault，but once you form the habit of blaming somebody or something else for a bad situation，you are a loser. You have no power and could do nothing that helps change the situation. However,you can have great power over what happens to you if you stop focusing on whom to blame and start focusing on how to remedy the situation. This is the winner’s key to success.

Winners are great at overcoming problems. For example, if you were late because your car broke down, maybe you  need to have your car examined more regularly. Or, you might start to carry along with you the useful phone numbers, so you could call for help when in need. For another example, if your colleague causes you problems on the job for lack of responsibility or ability, find ways of dealing with his irresponsibility or inability rather than simply blame  the person. Ask to work with a different person, or  don’t rely on the person. You should accept that the person. Ask to work with a different person, or don’t rely on this person. You should accept that the person is not reliable and find creative ways to work successfully regardless of how your colleague fails  to do his job well.

This is what being a winner is all about—creatively using your skills and talents so that you are successful no matter what happens. Winners don’t have fewer problems in their lives; they have just as many difficult situations to face as anybody else. They are just better at seeing those problems as challenges and opportunities to develop their own talents. So, stop focusing on “whose fault it is.” Once you are confident about your power over bad situations, problems are just stepping stop on for success.

46. According to the passage, winners        .

A. deal with problems rather than blame others

B. meet with fewer difficulties in their lives

C. have responsible and able colleagues

D. blame themselves rather that others

 (10·安徽D篇)

My father was 44 and knew he  wasn’t going to make it to 45. He wrote me a letter and hoped that something in it would help me for the rest of my life.

   Since the day I was 12 and first read his letter , some of his words have lived in my heart. One part always stands out . “Right now ,you are pretending to be a time killer. But I know that one day, you will do something great that will set you among the very best.” Knowing that my dad believed in me gave me permission to believe in myself . “You will do something great .” He didn’t know  what would be, and neither did I ,but at times in my life when I’ve felt proud of myself , I remember his words and wish he were here so I could ask , “Is this what you were talking about , Dad ? Should I keep going ?”

     A long way from 12 now , I realize he would have been proud when I made any progress. Lately, though , I’ve come to belvieve he would want me to move on to what comes next : to be pround of , and believe in , somebody else . Tt’s time to start writing my own letters to my children . Our children look to us with the same unanswered question we had . Our kids don’t hold back because they’re  afraid to fail. They’re only afraid of failing us . They’re only afraid of failing us . They don’t worry about being disappointed . Their fear as mine was until my father’s letter is of being a disappointment .

     Give your children permission to succeed. They’re waiting for you to believe in them . I always knew my parents loved me . But trust me ：That belief will be more complete , that love will be more real , and their belief in themselves will be greater if you write the words on their hearts ：“Don’t worry ; you’ll do something great .”Not having that blessing from their parents may be the only thing holding them back.

68.We learn from the text that the author （    ）

A. lost his father when he was young

B. worked hard before he read his father’s letter

C. asked his father’s permission to believe in himself

D. knew exactly what great thing his father wanted him to do 

69. What does the author tell us in the 3^rd  paragragh ?

A. Children need their parents’ letters.

B. Children are afraid to be disappointed .

C. His children’s fear of failure held them back.

D. His father’s letter removed his fear of failing his parents.

70. Which of the following is true of the author ?

A. He got no access to success.

B. He wrote back to his father at 12.

C. He was sure his parents loved him.

D. He once asked his father about the letter.

71．The main purpose of the text is to        .

A. describe children’s thinking

B. answer some questions children have

C. stress the importance of communication

D. advise parents to encourage their children

（2011·福建卷）A

Driving a car is not just handling controls and judging speed and distance. It requires you to predict what other road users will do and get ready to react to something unexpected , When alcohol is consumed, it enters your bloodstream and acts as a depressant （抑制藥），damaging eyesight, judgment and co-ordination （協(xié)調(diào)），slowing down reaction time and greatly increasing the risk of accidents. Even below the drink driving link , driving well be affected.

Alcohol may take a few minutes to be absorbed into the bloodstream and start action on the brain. Absorption rate is increased when drinking on an empty stomach or when consuming drinks mixed with fruit juice. To get rid of alcohol from the body is a very slow process and it is not possible to speed it up with any measures like taking a shower or having a cup of tea or coffee.

The present Road Traffic Ordinance states clearly that the limit of alcohol concentration is :

● 50 milligrams of alcohol per 100ml of blood ;or

● 22 micrograms of alcohol per 100ml of breath ;or

● 67 milligrams of alcohol per 100ml of urine(尿液)

Drivers who cause traffic accidents, or who commit a moving traffic offence or are being suspected of drink driving will be tested.

Any drive found drinking beyond the limit will be charged.The driver declared guilty may be fined a maximum of HK﹩25,000 and be sentenced to up to 3 years in prison and punished for 10 driving-offence points; or temporarily banned from driving.

The same punishment applices to failing to provide speciments(樣本) far breath, blood or urine tests without good excuse.

Drink driving is a criminal offebce.Be a responsible,driver,think before you drink. For the safety of yourself and other road users, never drive after consuming alcohol.

56.The first paragraph is mainly about_____________.

A. the introductions of driving skills   B. the dangaga of drinking to your body

C. the effect of drinking on driving      D. the process of alcohol being absorbed

57.The underlined word “it” in the second paragraph refers to “________”.

 A. alcohol       B. absorption     C. blood        D. process

58 Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?

 A. Drinking below the drink driving limit has no effect on driving.

 B. Alcohol is taken in more quickly when drunk with fruit juice.

 C. Having a cup of tea helps to get rid of alcohol from the body.

 D.50 milligrams of alcohol per 100ml of breath is below the drink limit

59.A drive suspeced of drink driving_________.

A.Should provide specimens for testing.

B.be forbidden to drive for 3years

C.Will be punished for 10 driving-offence points

D.Should pay a maximum fine of HK＄25,000

（2011·遼寧卷）D

67. The word “address” in the first line probably means          .

A. talk about        B. deal with        C. fight for        D. write to

68. How many people are homeless in the U.S. according to the Coalition studies?

A. 39% of the population.                  B. 200 million people.

C. About 3 million people.                 D. About one-fifth of the population.

69. Homeless people often have difficulty finding a job because________.

A. they have no home addresses

B. they mostly have a drinking problem

C. they aren't supported by government programs

D. they often don't have enough work experience

70. What is the main cause of the rising number of the homeless in the U.S.?

A. The passing of new housing laws.

B. The fast growth of family size.                            

C. The slow construction of houses.

D. The ever-rising price of housing.

（2011·四川卷）E

In business, there’s a speed difference: It's the difference between how important a firms leaders say speed is to their competitive (競爭的) strategy（策略）and how fast the company actually moves. The difference is important regardless of industry and company size. Companies fearful or losing their competitive advantage spend much time and money looking for ways to pick up the speed.

In our study of 343 businesses, the companies that chose to go, go, go to try to gain an edge ended with lower sales and operating incomes than those that paused at key moments to make sure they were on the right track, What’s more, the firms that “slowed down to speed up “improved their top and bottom lines ,averaging 40% higher sales and 52% higher operating  incomes over a three-years period.

How did they disobey the laws of business physics, taking more time than competitors yet performing better ? They thought differently about what “slower “and “faster” mean. Firms sometimes fail to understand the difference between operation speed (moving quickly ) and strategic speed (reducing the time it takes to deliver value ). Simply increasing the speed of production, for example , may be one way to try to reduce the speed difference . But that often leads to reduced value over time, in the form of lower-quality products and services.

In our study, high performing companies with strategic speed always made changes when necessary . They became more open to idea and discussion. They encouraged new ways of thinking. And they allowed time to look and learn. By contrast (相比而言). Performance suffered at firms that moved falt all the among their employer , and had little time thinking about changes.

Strategic speed serves as a kind of leadership . Teams that regularly take time to get things right , rather than plough ahead full bore , are more successful in meeting their business goals . That kind of strategy must come from the top.

57 . What does the underlined part “gain an edge ” in Paragraph 2 mean ?

   A. Increase the speed.    B. Get an advantage.

   C. Reach the limit.       D. Set a goal

58. The underlined part “the laws of business physics” in Paragraph 3 means ___________.

   A. spending more time and performing worse.

   B. spending more time and performing better

   C. spending less time and performing worse

   D. spending less time and performing better

59. What can we learn from the text?

   A. how fast a firm moves depends on how big it is.

   B. how competitive a firm is depends on what it produces.

   C. Firms guided by strategic speed take time to make necessary changes.

   D. Firms guided by operational speed take time to develop necessary team spirit.

60. Where could be the last title for the text?

   A. Improve quality? Serve better.

   B. Deliver value? Plough ahead.

   C. Reduce time? Move faster.

   D. Need speed? Slow down.