According to the sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer (贈(zèng)與) leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge (顯現(xiàn)) as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.

     Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistent（可靠的）evidence that there is any category of “natural leaders”. It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rather, virtually (actually) any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group.

     Research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to “get things done”. Expressive (有表現(xiàn)力的) leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective（集體的）well beings of a social group’s members. Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize (將……減到最少) tension and conflict among them.

      Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members. They give orders and may discipline group members who prevent attaining the group’s goals. Expressive leaders cultivate（培養(yǎng)）a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group. As the difference in these two roles suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in achieving group goals, may enjoy a more distant respect.

81. How are leaders usually chosen? (no more than 9 words)

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82. What do expressive leaders generally focus on? （(no more than 6 words）

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83. What kind of person may be considered a leader according to the writer? ((no more than 15 words)

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84. What does the passage mainly discuss? （(no more than 8 words）

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 On the day of Chongyang Festival, one traditional activity is to climb mountains. However, mountains are not everywhere for people to climb. Therefore, for those people who live in flat regions far from any mountain, the problem is solved by going for a picnic and eating cakes. The Chinese word for cake is Gao, a homonym of the Chinese word for high. Mountains are high, so eating cakes can, by a stretch of the imagination, take the place of going for a climb.

The tradition of eating cakes in September is originated from the ancient times. Though the name of “Gao” started from the Six Dynasties, the cakes had already existed in Han Dynasty, which was called “Er” in Chinese at that time. It is made of rice flour, which is classified into two types: paddy(水稻) rice flour and millet(粟米) rice flour. They are mixed together, which is named “Er”. In September, the millet is ripe. It is regarded as the food just in season, which is offered to ancestors as sacrifices. Chongyang Cake comes from the food just in season in September. That is why Chongyang Cake is recommended for offering sacrifices to ancestors on the day of Chongyang Festival.

In the Six Dynasties, cakes become the food for the season as the tradition Chongyang Festival is formed with the promotion of mountain-climbing activity. As the cakes appear in different forms, Chongyang Cake was also called Hua (Colorful) Cake in the Ming & Qing Dynasty and became the food for the season in urban and rural areas. Hua Cake is divided into Unpolished Hua Cake, Refined Hua Cake and Gold Coin Hua Cake. Unpolished Hua Cake is marked with caraway(香菜) leaves, sandwiched with date, peach kernel(果仁) and other unpolished dry fruits. Refined Hua Cake is made in either two or three layers, with each sandwiched with refined glazed fruits, such as preserved apple, peach and apricot.

Holding a cell phone against your ear or storing it in your pocket may be dangerous to your health. This explains a warning that cell phone manufacturers include in the small print that is often ignored when a new phone is purchased. Apple, for example, doesn’t want iPhones to come closer to you than 1.5 centimeters; Research In Motion, BlackBerry’s manufacturer, recommends 2.5 centimeters.

If health issues arise from cell phone use, the possible effects are huge. Voice calls - Americans chat on cell phones 2.26 trillion(萬億)minutes annually - earn $109 billion for the wireless carriers.

Devra Davis, an expert who has worked for the University of Pittsburgh, has published a book about cell phone radiation, “Disconnect.” The book surveys scientific research and concludes the question is not settled.

Brain cancer is a concern that Ms. Davis examines. Over all, there has not been an increase in its incidence since cell phones arrived. But the average masks an increase in brain cancer in the 20-to-29 age group and a drop for the older population.

“Most cancers have multiple causes,” she says, but she points to laboratory research that suggests low-energy radiation could damage cells that could possibly lead to cancer.

Children are more vulnerable（易受傷的）to radiation than adults, Ms. Davis and other scientists point out. Radiation that penetrates only five centimeters into the brain of an adult will reach much deeper into the brains of children because their skulls are thinner and their brains contain more absorptive fluid（易吸收的液體）. No studies have yet been completed on cell phone radiation and children, she says.

Henry Lai, a research professor in the bioengineering department at the University of Washington, began laboratory radiation studies in 1980 and found that rats exposed to radiation had damaged DNA in their brains.

Ms. Davis recommends using wired headsets or the phone’s speaker. Children should text rather than call, she said, and pregnant women should keep phones away from the abdomen（腹部）.

66. Why is the warning in the small print?

A. They don’t want the users to pay attention to it.

B. There is not enough space for the warning.

C. They think people will not care about it.

D. The warning is not important at all.

67. According to Ms Davis, brain cancer increase　　　 .

A. among children　　　　　　　　　　　　 B. among old people

C. in the twenties　　　　　　　　　　　　 D. among pregnant women

68. Why do children easily be affected by radiation?

A. Because they haven’t grown up.

B. Because they are too young to protect themselves.

C. Because they use cell phones more often than adults.

D. Because their skulls are thinner and their brains are easily hurt.

69. What can we conclude from the last paragraph?

A. Pregnant women should keep cell phones away.

B. People should use cell phones in the correct way.

C. If you are a child, you’d better text than make phone calls.

D. When you use a cell phone, use a wired headset or the phone’s speaker.

70. What does the passage mainly talk about?

A. Be careful when using cell phones.

B. Don’t hold your cell phone against your ear.

C. Rats exposed to radiation have damaged DNA in their brains.

D. Low-energy radiation could damage cells that could lead to cancer.

It was a cold night. The taxi driver didn’t take even one passenger（乘客） all day. When he went by the railway station， he saw a young man coming out with two bags in his hands. So he drove to him  and asked， “Where are you going，sir?”  “To the Red Hotel，” the young man answered. When the taxi driver heard this， he didn’t feel happy any more. The young man would give him only three dollars because the hotel was near the railway station. But suddenly， he had an idea. He took the young man through many streets of the big city.  After a long time， they arrived at the hotel. “Here we are! You should pay me fifteen dollars，please，” the taxi driver said to the young man. “What? Fifteen dollars! Do you think I’m a fool? Only last week， I took a taxi from the railway station to this hotel and I only gave the driver thirteen dollars. I know how much I have to pay for the trip.”

61. What’s the attitude of the writer towards the passage?

A   upset   B   happy   C  humorous   D  sensitive

62. Why did the driver take the young man through many streets of the city?

A  In order to buy something                  B  The young man asked him to do so

C  To get more money                       D  He didn’t know the way

63. Where did the young man stay/

A   a small hotel     B  the Red Hotel     C  at the railway station    D  at his friend’s house

64. When the taxi driver heard the young man’s answer, he felt        .

A  disappointed          B  happy         C worried         D  excited

65. What kind of person do you think the young is?

A  clever              B  brave           C  mean         D  stupid

American can travel almost anywhere they choose. But to protect their people, the government lists a few dangerous places where Americans cannot go. These places are unfriendly countries or countries at war. There, the traveler might not be safe. These countries are listed in a small book called a passport. This passport is a government request for the safety of its traveling people. It is also a government’s pledge(保證)that the people will obey the rules of the host country.

To receive a passport from the government, a traveler must prove that he is an American citizen. An American can’t go overseas without a passport. Only certain close countries such as Canada and Mexico do not ask for passport. Pasted inside the passport is the traveler’s picture. Children traveling with their parents are included in one parent’s book. Thousands of people from the United Stated visit other countries every year. An American traveler might carry plane tickets, money, clothing and many other things. But the most important that he carries in another country is his passport.

56. A passport is not needed when an American goes to　　　　　　　　　

A　 foreign countries　　　　　　　　　　　　 B dangerous areas

C 　Canada and Mexico　　　　　　　　　　　 D countries overseas

57.From the passage we can see that　　　　　　　　

A children can’t travel to foreign countries

B Americans like to travel

C a traveler is not safe in most countries

D Americans like to travel to close countries

58.Why does a traveler need a passport?

A he needs something more to carry when he travels

B it helps the country to protect the people

C he needs to have his picture taken more often

D it helps the traveler to know where he will go

59.Which statement does the passage lead you to believe?

A people should take care of their passport

B it is not important to have a passport to travel

C Children are never included in a passport

D when you are in another country, money is more important than a passport

60.Which of the following is TRUE?

A When Americans are traveling in another country, they must obey the rules of the country

B The American government sometimes allows its people to travel to dangerous places

C A passport is needed wherever an American is traveling

D Everyone who lives in the United Stated can get a passport from the American government

My Watch

　 If you have a watch, don’t repair it! I know it for certain. Once I had a beautiful watch ,and this 48 　　kept perfect(準(zhǔn)確的) time. But one night it so happened that I forgot to wing it up(上發(fā)條). Next 　 49 　I went to a 50　 as I wanted my watch to be set the exact time. The watchmaker examined my watch and said, “The regulator(調(diào)節(jié)器)is to be pushed up(撥一撥)as your watch is 4 minutes 　51 ”. I tried to stop him, tried to make him understand that my watch kept the perfect tine, but he didn’t listen to me and push the regulator

　 My beautiful watch began to gain. It gained faster and faster day by day. By the end of the second mouth it had left all the 　 52　 and watches of the town far behind.

　 What did I have to do? To take it to another watchmaker to be regulated. I expected him to regulate the watch immediately, 　53　 he told me to come in a week. When at last I took my watch from him, it began to slow down. And I began to be late for trains, business appointments and even missed my dinners.

　 Now I went to the third watchmaker. While I waited for him to repair my poor watch, he took it to pieces and said that he could mend it in 3 days. I had 54 to do but agree. That time my watch went for half a day and then 　55 (stop).

　 So I kept taking my watch from one watchmaker to another for a considerable period of time. And as a result of it the cleverest man in the world could not tell the time by my watch. The thing was getting serious. My watch had cost hundred dollars originally, but I paid for repairs over two thousand. At last I decided to buy another watch.

I have been told in China, having a pet, particularly a dog, is often considered to be a status symbol because it shows the family can 　36 to have an animal. It is different here.

　　 In Canada it is 　37　 for people to have pets. Many people have dogs. Many others have cats and there are people who keep fish, birds or rabbits. Some keep what we call exotic pets. These might be ferrets, snakes or almost any other animal you can think of, although keeping 　38 pets is often difficult and because it can also be hard on the animal. The keeping of some exotic animals is not allowed by law.　　 Now, my wife and I live in a small town. We no longer have a 　39 --- we live in an apartment. We have a cat named Callie and she never goes out 　40 onto the balcony so cars are no longer an issue. She’s about sixteen years old and will probably live to be twenty or more. The 　41　 will come when she dies and we no longer have a pet. We have had a pet for so long it seems like a natural part of our lives and without a cat around the house it will seem somehow 　42 . On the other hand, we are getting older and given that a cat can live about twenty years we wonder if we will ever have another after Callie goes. Cats are cutest, of course, when they are small kittens but a kitten is 　43 for a longer time than we may have left.

　 I think having a pet is very good for a number of reasons. It helps to teach children how to look after a　 44 creature, makes them realize that animals have feelings just like we do and that, in many ways, we depend on each other. For older people like me an animal is a 　45 and a comfort to have around, a pet, properly treated, returns the favor by 　46 unconditional love. Wouldn’t this world be a 47 place if people could learn how to do that.

36. A. buy　　 　 B. afford 　　　 C. supply 　　　 D. provide

37. A. common　　 B. unusual 　　 　　　　C. particular　 　 D. public

38. A. aboard B. domestic　 　　　 C. excited　　　 　　 　　D. exotic

39. A. dormitory B. home 　　C. family 　　 　　　 D. house

40. A. except 　 B. besides　　 C. except for　　 　 D. beside

41. A. demand 　 B. dilemma　　　 　 C. decision　　 　　　 D. matter

42. A. puzzled 　　 B. confused　　 C. empty 　　　　 D. alone

43. A. commitment B. committee　　 C. friend　　　　　　 　　 D. follower

44. A. lively　　　　　 　　 B. alive 　　　 　　　　C. live　　 　　　　　 D. living

45. A. company　　 　 B. competitor 　　 C. companion　　　　　　 D. co-worker

46. A. giving out　　 B. giving in 　　 　　 C. giving back　 D. giving off

47. A. bad　　　　　　 　　 B. great 　　 　　 C. messy　　 　　 　　 D. poor

 In general, food made by hand is superior_____ that made by machines _____ taste.

   A. than ; in     B. in ; to     C. to;  in     D. than;  to

 It is generally considered that terrorism is _____ danger to ____ society.

   A. a; the    B. / ; the    C. /;/     D. a ;/

 ---John has made a great deal of progress lately.      ---__________, and _______.

  A. So he has; so you have     B. So he has; so have you

C. So has he; so have you     D. So has he; so you have