英語語法知識難點（一）

　　II． 例題（一） 形容詞和副詞
　　I． 要點
　　A． 形容詞
　　1、 形容詞的用法
　　形容詞是用來修飾、描繪名詞的，通常在句中作定語、表語或賓補，有時還可作狀語。如：
　　He is honest and hardworking.
　　I found the book interesting.
　　某些形容詞與定冠詞連用表示一類人作主語時，謂語通常用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：
　　The rich and the poor live in different parts of the city.
　　The English like to be with their families.
　　多個形容詞作定語修飾名詞的順序：
　　冠詞+序數(shù)詞+基數(shù)詞+性質(zhì)狀態(tài)（描述性）+形狀大小+新舊老少+顏色+國籍+材料+名詞。如：　the second five interesting big new red Chinese wall papers.
　　2、 形容詞比較等級的形式
　　（1） 規(guī)則形式
　　一般說來，單音節(jié)詞及少數(shù)雙音節(jié)詞在后加-er; --est 來構(gòu)成比較級和最高級；其他雙音節(jié)詞及多音節(jié)詞在前加more, most.如：
　　great-greater-greatest
　　busy-busier-busiest
　　important-more important-(the)most important
　　（2） 不規(guī)則形式
　　good (well)-better-best
　　bad (ill)-worse-worst
　　many (much)-more-most
　　little-less-least
　�。�3） 形容詞比較等級的用法
　�、俦硎緝烧叩谋容^，用形容詞的比較級+than. 如：
　　He is cleverer than the other boys.
　　This one is more beautiful than that one.
　　②表示兩者以上的比較，用"the +形容詞最高級（+名詞）+of(in) …"如：
　　He is the cleverest boy in his class.
　�、郾硎緝烧呤峭�等程度，用"as +形容詞原級+as". 如：
　　He is as tall as I.
　　I have as many books as you.
　�、� 越… 越…
　　例如：The more I learn, the happier I am.
　�、� You can never be too careful. 越小心越好
　　又如：You can never praise the teacher too highly.
　　你怎么贊揚這個老師也不過分。
　�、� I have never spent a more worrying day.
　　那一天是最令我擔(dān)心的一天。
　　I have never had a better dinner.
　　這是我吃過的最好的一頓飯。
　　⑦ My English is no better than yours.
　　我的英語和你的英語都不怎么樣。
　　B．副詞
　　1、 副詞的種類
　�。�1） 時間副詞 如：ago, before, already, just, now, early, late, finally, tomorrow等
　�。�2） 地點副詞 如：here, there, near, around, in, out, up, down, back, away, outside等。
　�。�3） 方式副詞 如：carefully, angrily, badly, calmly, loudly, quickly, politely, nervously等。
　�。�4） 程度副詞 如：almost, nearly, much, greatly, a bit, a little, hardly, so, very等。
　　2、 副詞比較等級的用法
　　其用法與形容詞相似，只是副詞最高級前可省略定冠詞。如：
　　Of all the boys he sings (the) most beautifully.
　　We must work harder.
　　3、 某些副詞在用法上的區(qū)別
　�。�1） already, yet, still
　　already表示某事物已經(jīng)發(fā)生，主要用于肯定句；yet表示期待某事發(fā)生，主要用于否定句和疑問句；still表示某事還在進行，主要用于肯定句和疑問句，有時也可用于否定句。如：
　　We've already watched that film.
　　I haven't finished my homework yet.
　　He still works until late every night.
　�。�2） too, as well, also, either
　　too, as well和 also用于肯定句和疑問句，too和as well多用于口語，一般放在句末，而also多用于書面語，一般放在句中與動詞連用。either用于否定句和否定的疑問句，往往放在句末。如：He went there too.
　　He didn't go there either.
　　I like you as well.
　　I also went there.
　　(3) hard, hardly
　　hardly意為"幾乎"與hard在詞義上完全不同。如：
　　I work hard every day.
　　I can hardly remember that.
　　(4) late, lately
　　lately意為"最近、近來"，late意為"晚、遲"。如：
　　He never comes late.
　　Have you been to the museum lately?

　　例1 Tom's father thinks he is already ____
　　A high enough 　B tall enough
　　C enough high 　C enough tall
　　解析：該題正確答案是B。修飾人高用tall, 而建筑物的高用high,并且enough修飾形容詞要放在形容詞后面。因此該題選B。
　　例2 ____ the worse I seem to be.
　　A When I take more medicine
　　B The more medicine I take
　　C Taking more of the medicine
　　D More medicine taken
　　解析：該題正確答案為B。"the+形容詞比較級+… , the +形容詞比較級+…"意為越…，越…。該句意為：吃的藥越多，我的病越是加重。
　　例3"I haven't been to London yet".
　　"I haven't been there ____".
　　A too 　B also 　C either 　D neither
　　解析：該題正確答案為C。A和B都用于肯定句中。D-neither本身意為否定"兩者都不"，而C-either則用于否定句中，意為"也"。
　　例4 Mr Smith was ____ moved at the news.
　　A deep 　B deeply 　C very deep 　D quite deeply
　　解析：該題正確答案為B。A. deep用于副詞時，修飾具體的深，如dig deep,而B-deeply則修飾表示感情色彩的詞，如該題為deeply moved.另如deeply regret等。而D-quite和deeply均為副詞，不能互相修飾。

（二） 介詞

　　I． 要點
　　1、介詞和種類
　�。�1） 簡單介詞，常用的有at, in, on, about, across, before, beside, for , to, without等。
　　（2） 復(fù)合介詞，如by means of, along with, because of, in front of, instead of等。
　　2、介詞和其他詞類的習(xí)慣搭配關(guān)系
　�。�1） 和動詞的搭配，如agree with, ask for, belong to, break away from, care about等。
　　（2） 和形容詞的搭配，如afraid of, angry with, different from, good at
　�。�3） 和名詞的搭配，如answer to , key to, reason for, cause of, visit to等.
　　3、介詞短語可以有自己的修飾語，這種修飾語通常有right, just, badly, all, well, directly, completely等少數(shù)幾個副詞。如：
　　He came right after dinner.
　　He lives directly opposite the school.
　　4、 某些介詞的意義與用法舉例
　�。�1） at, on, in（表時間）
　　表示時間點用at,如at four o'clock, at midnight等；表示不確定的時間或短期假日也用at,如at that time, at Christmas等。
　　指某天用on, 如on Monday, on the end of November, 指某天的朝夕用on,如on Friday morning, on the afternoon of September lst等。
　　指長于或短于一天的時段用in,如in the afternoon, in February, in Summer, in 1999等。
　�。�2） between, among（表位置）
　　between僅用于二者之間，但說三者或三者以上中的每兩個之間的相互關(guān)系時，也用between, 如
　　I'm sitting between Tom and Alice.
　　The village lies between three hills.
　　among用于三者或三者以上之間。如：
　　He is the best among the students.
　　（3） beside, besides
　　beside意為"在…旁邊"，而besides意為"除…之外"。如：
　　He sat beside me.
　　What do you want besides this?
　�。�4）in the tree, on the tree
　　in the tree 指動物或人在樹上，而on the tree 指果實、樹葉長在樹上
　�。�5）on the way, in the way, by the way, in this way
　　on the way 指在路上 in the way 指擋道
　　by the way 指順便問一句 in this way 用這樣的方法
　�。�6）in the corner, at the corner
　　in the corner 指在拐角內(nèi) at the corner 指在拐角外
　　（7）in the morning, on the morning
　　in the morning 是一般說法 on the morning 特指某一天的早晨
　�。�8）by bus, on the bus
　　by bus 是一般說法 on the bus 特指乘某一輛車

　　II． 例題
　　例1 Do you know any other foreign language____ English?
　　A except B but C beside D besides
　　解析：A、B兩項except等于but，意為"除了…"，C-beside意為"在…旁邊"，不符合題意。而D-besides, 　　意為"除了…之外，還有"。所以該題正確答案為D。該題意為：除了英語外，你還知道別的語言嗎？
　　例2 He suddenly returned ____ a rainy night.
　　A on B at C in D during
　　解析：我們均知道，at night這一短語，但如果night前有修飾詞，表具體的夜晚，則要用介詞on來修飾，故該題正確答案為A。
　　例3 I'm looking forward ____your letter.
　　A to B in C at D on
　　解析：該題正確答案為A。look forward to 為固定搭配，意為"期望、盼望"�！�
（三） 連詞

　　I． 要點
　　1、 連詞的種類
　　（1） 并列連詞用來連接并列關(guān)系的詞、短語或分句，如and, for, or, both…and, either…or, neither…nor等。
　�。�2） 從屬連詞用來引導(dǎo)從句，如that, if, whether, when, after, as soon as等。
　　除了從屬連詞（引導(dǎo)狀語從句）外，還有其它可以用來引導(dǎo)從句的詞類。它們是連接代詞和連接副詞（引導(dǎo)名詞性從句），關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞（引導(dǎo)定語從句）。
　　2、 常用連詞舉例
　　(1)and 和，并且
　　They drank and sang all night.
　　(2) both…and 和， 既…也…
　　Both my parents and I went there.
　　(3) but 但是，而
　　I'm sad, but he is happy.
　　(4) either…or 或…或…， 要么…要么…
　　Either you're wrong, or I am.
　　(5) for因為
　　I asked him to stay, for I had something to tell him.

　　(6) however 然而，可是
　　Af first, he didn't want to go there. Later, however, he decided to go.
　　(7) neither…nor 既不…也不
　　Neither my parents nor my aunt agrees with you.
　　(8) not only…but(also) 不但…而且…
　　He not only sings well, but also dances well.
　　(9) or 或者，否則
　　Hurry up, or you'll be late.
　　Are you a worker or a doctor?
　　(10) so 因此，所以
　　It's getting late, so I must go.
　　(11) although 雖然
　　Although it was late, they went on working.
　　(12) as soon as 一 …就
　　I'll tell him as soon as I see him.
　　(13) because 因為
　　He didn't go to school, because he was ill.
　�。�14）unless 除非，如果不
　　I won't go unless it is fine tomorrow.
　�。�15）until 直到…
　　He didn't leave until eleven. (瞬間動詞用于not… until 結(jié)構(gòu))
　　He stayed there until eleven.
　　（16）while 當…時候，而 (表示對比)
　　While I stayed there, I met a friend of mine. (while后不可用瞬間動詞)
　　My pen is red while his is blue.
　�。�17）for 因為
　　He was ill, for he didn't come. (結(jié)論是推斷出來的)
　　（18）since自從…
　　I have lived here since my uncle left.
　�。�19）hardly… when 一… 就
　　I had hardly got to the station when the train left.
　　（20）as far as 就… 來說
　　As far as I know, that country is very small.
　　You may walk as far as the lake. (一直走到湖那里)

　　II． 例題
　　例1 John plays football ____, if not better than, David.
　　A as well B as well as C so well D so well as
　　解析：該題意為：John踢足球如果不比David好的話，那也踢得和David一樣好。 和…一樣好為as well as. 故該題正確答案為B。
　　例2 She thought I was talking about her daughter, ____, in fact, I was talking about my daughter.
　　A when B where C which D while
　　解析：該處意為"然而"，只有while有此意思，故選D。
　　例3 Would you like a cup of coffee ____ shall we get down to business right away?
　　A. and B. then C. or D. otherwise
　　解析：該處意為"或者"，正確答案為C。

英語語法知識難點（二）

（四）動詞時態(tài)、語態(tài)

I． 要點
　1、 一般現(xiàn)在時
�。�1） 表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作或現(xiàn)在存在的狀態(tài)，常與sometimes, always, often, every day等時間狀語連用。如：Sometimes, we go swimming after school.
�。�2） 表示客觀真理、科學(xué)事實等。如：The earth goes round the sun.
　2、 現(xiàn)在進行時
　(1) 表示說話時或現(xiàn)階段正在進行的動作，常與now, at present等時間狀語連用。如：
　What are you doing now?
　(2) 和always, continually等連用，表一種經(jīng)常反復(fù)的動作，常含有某種情感。如：
　He is always doing good deeds.
　3、 現(xiàn)在完成時
　主要表示動作發(fā)生在過去，對現(xiàn)在仍有影響，或動作一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，或可能還要繼續(xù)下去，常與just, already, so far, once, never 等詞連用。如:Have you ever been to Beijing?
　4、一般將來時
　表示將來某一時間要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)，常與tomorrow, next year等連用。如：
　I'll meet you at the school gate tomorrow morning.
　We're going to see a film next Monday.
　5、一般過去時
　表示在過去某一時間或某一階段內(nèi)發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)，常與yesterday, last year, in 1998, a moment ago等詞連用。如：It happened many years ago.
　6、過去進行時
　表示過去某一時刻或某一時期正在發(fā)生的動作。如：
　What were you doing this time yesterday?
　7、 過去完成時
　表示在過去某一時間或動作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動作。如：
　The train had already left before we arrived.
　８、一般過去將來時
　表示說話人從過去的角度來看將來發(fā)生的動作。如：
　He said he would come, but he didn't.
�。�、被動語態(tài)             被動語態(tài)的時態(tài)，以give為例。

時／式

一般

進行

完成

現(xiàn)在

am
is       　given
are

am
is     　being
are

has   
　　　been given
have  

過去

was        
　　　given
were

was  
　　being given were  

had been given

將來

shall        
　　　be given
will 

shall      
　　　have been given
will

過去將來

should        
　　　be given
would

should       
　　　have been given
would

II．例題

　例１ I learned that her father ____ in 1950.
　A had died B died C dead D is dead
　解析：該題正確答案為Ｂ。從句中的謂語動詞動作雖然發(fā)生在主句謂語動詞的動作之前，但因從句中有明確的過去時間狀語in 1950, 所以不用過去完成時態(tài)，而用一般過去時態(tài)。

　例２ The five-year-old girl ____ by her parents.
　A is looked B has looked for
　C is being looked for D has been looked

　解析：該題正確答案為Ｃ。在帶有介詞的動詞短語用于被動語態(tài)句中，介詞不能省，否則就變成了不及物動詞短語，而不能用于被動語態(tài)的句子中。

（五）動詞虛擬語氣

I． 要點
　表示說的話不是事實，或者是不可能發(fā)生的情況，而是一種愿望、建議或與事實相反的假設(shè)等。一般常用于正式的書面語中。
　１、 虛擬語氣的構(gòu)成

情景

條件從句的謂語動詞

主句的謂語動詞

與現(xiàn)在事實相反

動詞過去式 （be要用were）

should         
　　　　+動詞原形
would

與過去事實相反

had +過去分詞

should         
　　　　+have+過去分詞
would

與將來事實相反

１、動詞過去時
２、should +動詞原形
３、were to +動詞原形

should         
　　　　＋動詞原形
would

　注：如果條件從句謂語動詞包含有were或had, should, could有時可將if省去, 但要倒裝。如：
　Had you (If you had) invited us, we would have come to your party.
�。�、 虛擬語氣在各種從句的應(yīng)用
�。ǎ保� 在主語從句中用來表示驚奇、惋惜、理應(yīng)如此等，其謂語形式是"should(可省) ＋動詞原形"，常用于以下三種句型中。
　句型一：It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc) that…
　句型二：It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc) that…
　句型三：It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc) that…
　如： It is strange that he (should) have done that.
　　　It is a pity that he (should) be so careless.
　　　It is requested that we (should) be so careless.
�。ǎ玻� 在賓語從句中用于suggest, propose, move, insist, desire, demand, request, order, command等動詞后的賓語從句中，表間接的命令和建議。其謂語形式是"(should)+動詞原形"。如：
I suggest that we (should) go swimming.
�。ǎ常� 在表語從句中，表示間接的命令，要求、請求、建議、決定等，主句中的主語通常是suggestion, proposal, request, orders, idea等。從句謂語形式是"(should)＋動詞原形"。如：
His suggestion is that we (should) leave at once.
�。ǎ矗� 在同位語從句中，謂語形式是"(should)＋動詞原形"。如：
We received order that the work be done at once.
�。ǎ担� 在It is time that…句型中，其謂語動詞形式是"動詞的過去式"或
　"should ＋動詞原形",should不可省。如：It's time (that) we went ( should go) to school.

II． 例題
　例１ We had hoped that he ____ longer.
　A stays B have stayed C stayed D would stay
　解析：該題正確答案為Ｄ。had hoped表示"本希望"，同樣用法的動詞還有think, expect等，后面的句子需用虛擬語氣
　例２ "Mary wants to see you today".
　"I would rather she ____ tomorrow than today."
　A comes B came C should come D will come
　解析：該題正確答案為Ｂ。would rather后面的從句需用虛擬語氣，用動詞過去時表示。
　例３ Had she been older, she ____ it better.
　A had done  B might have done  C might do  D would do
　解析：Had she been older = If she had been old. 故該題正確答案為Ｂ。

（六）短語動詞

I． 要點
　英語中有許多短語動詞在意義上是一個整體，其用法有的相當于及物動詞，有的相當于不及物動詞，有的兼有及物動詞和不及物動詞的特征。英語短語動詞的構(gòu)成主要有以下六種：
�。ǎ保� 動詞＋介詞
　常見的有l(wèi)ook for, look after, send for, care about, ask for, laugh at, hear of (from), add to, lead to等。這類短語動詞的賓語只能放在介詞后。如：
　Don't laugh at others.
　I didn't care about it.
�。ǎ玻� 動詞＋副詞
　常見的有g(shù)ive up, pick up, think over, find out, hand in, point out等。這類短語動詞的賓語如果是名詞，既可放在副詞前邊，又可放在副詞后邊；賓語如果是人稱代詞或反身代詞，則要放在副詞前邊。如：You'll hand in your homework tomorrow.
　        Please don't forget to hand it in.
　（３） 動詞＋副詞＋介詞
　常見的有l(wèi)ook down upon, go on with, break away from, add up to, catch up with等。這類短語動詞的賓語只能放在介詞后邊。如：
　All his money added up to no more than $100.
　After a short rest, he went on with his research work.
�。ǎ矗� 動詞＋名詞＋介詞
　常見的有take care of, make use of, pay attention to, make fun of 等。這類短語動詞的賓語只能放在介詞后邊。如：You should pay attention to your handwriting.
　              We should make full use of our time.
�。ǎ担� 動詞＋形容詞
　常見的有l(wèi)eave open, set free, cut open等。這類短語動詞的賓語如果是名詞，則賓語可放在形容詞的前邊，也可放在后邊；賓語如果是人稱代詞或反身代詞，則必須放在形容詞前邊。如：
　The prisoners were set free.
　He cut it open.
�。ǎ叮� 動詞＋名詞
　常見的有take place, make friends等。這類短語動詞用作不及物動詞。如：
　This story took place three years ago.
　I make friends with a lot of people.
�。�7）辨析
　give away(讓給，暴露) 和 give up（放棄，停止）
　put away（放起，收起） 和 put out （撲滅）
　turn up（出席，放大） 和 turn on （打開）
　keep out（阻止） 和 keep off （不讓靠近）
　make up（編造，補上） 和 make out（辨認）
　take off（脫，起飛） 和 take out（拿出）

II． 例題
　例１ It is wise to have some money ____ for old age.
　A put away B kept up C given away D laid up
　解析：該題正確答案為Ａ。意為"存"；keep up意為"繼續(xù)"；give away意為"分發(fā)"；lay up"貯藏"。例２ Here's my card. Let's keep in ____.
　        A touch  B relation  C connection  D friendship
　解析：該題正確答案為A. keep in touch為短語動詞，意為"保持聯(lián)系"。
　例３ ____! There's a train coming.
　A Look out B Look around C Look forward D Look on
　解析：該題選A. look out 意為"小心"。

（七）動詞不定式

I． 要點
�。�、 不定式的形式。以動詞write為例。

式｜語態(tài)

主動語態(tài)

被動語態(tài)

一般式

to write

to be written

完成式

to have written

to have been written

進行式

to be writing

完成進行式

to have been writing

　２、 不定式的句法功能
�。ǎ保� 作主語
　To hear from you is nice.
　To be a good teacher is not easy.
　不定式作主語時，為了保持句子的平衡，往往以it作形式主語，而不定式置于謂語動詞后。如：It's nice to hear from you.
　  It's not easy to be a good teacher.
�。ǎ玻� 作賓語
　通常用于want, hope, wish, like, need, hate, begin, start, remember, agree, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help等詞后。如：I forgot to lock the door.
　                     Please remember to write to me.
�。ǎ常� 作表語
　My job is to pick up letters.
　He seemed to have heard nothing.
�。ǎ矗� 作定語
　不定式作定語時，須放在它所修飾的名詞或代詞后。如：
　I have two letters to write.
　I have a lot of work to do.
�。ǎ担� 作賓補
　通常用于want, wish, ask, order, tell, know, help, advise, allow, cause, force等詞后。如：
　He ordered her to leave at once.
　He was forced to obey his order.
　（６） 作狀語
　He got up early to catch the first bus.
　He worked hard to catch up with the other students.
�。ǎ罚� 作獨立成分
　To tell you the truth, I told a lie.
�。ǎ福� "疑問詞＋不定式"結(jié)構(gòu)。 如：
　I don't know how to choose them.
　I cannot decide where to go.
�。�9）不定式的否定式。如：
　I decided not to go.
�。�10）不定式的完成式。如：
　He seemed to have cleaned the room before I came in.
　The boy is said to have been sent to the hospital last week.

�。�11）too…to 結(jié)構(gòu)。如：
　He was too excited to go to sleep.
　He was only too glad to go. (他太高興了，樂意去)
　（12）主動表被動。如：
　The book is easy to read.
　I have a book to read.

II．例題
　例１ I haven't got a chair ____.
　A to sit B for to sit on C to sit on D for sitting
　解析：該題選C。不定式to sit on在句中作定語，修飾名詞chair. 因為不定式和它所修飾的名詞間是"動賓關(guān)系"，所以不定式必須是及物動詞，故此處on不能省略。
　例2 He was made ____.     A go  B gone  C going  D to go
　解析：該題選D。make sb. do sth. 如果是被動形式，不定式do前的to不能省略。

　例3 A new factory is ____ very soon.
　A to be built B built
　C to build D to building
　解析：該題選A。is to be built意為"將要被建"。

（八）動名詞

I． 要點
　動名詞既具有動詞的一些特征，又具有名詞的句法功能。
　１、 動名詞的形式，以write為例。

式 | 語態(tài)

主動語態(tài)

被動語態(tài)

一般式

writing

being written

完成式

having written

having been written

　否定式 not +動名詞
　２、 動名詞的用法
�。ǎ保� 作主語
　Playing football is my favorite sport.
　Travelling with friends at weekend is fun.
　作主語的動名詞結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜且長時，可用it作形式主語。如：
　It is fun travelling with friends at weekend.
�。ǎ玻� 作賓語
　I enjoy playing PC game.
　He gave up writing five years ago.
�。ǎ常� 作表語
　What he hated most was doing nothing.
　Seeing is believing.
　動名詞作表語時，句子的主語常是無生命名詞或what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句。
　（４） 作定語
　There's a dining room in my school.
　All the people watching laughed.
�。ǎ担� 動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)"物主代詞（或名詞的所有格）+動名詞"。如：
　Tom's going home late made her mother angry.
　Would you mind my opening the window?
　不過，動名詞的邏輯主語在遇到以下情況時，必須用名詞的普通格（或人稱代詞的賓格）。
�、贌o生命名詞
　The girls were afraid of the door suddenly closing.
　Fire burns better by oxygen being at work.
�、谟猩�命名詞，但表泛指。
　Have you ever heard of girls smoking?
　③兩個以上的有生命的名詞并列。
　Do you still remember my parents and me coming to see you that day?

　3．后面常接動名詞的動詞和短語
　mind, enjoy, finish, consider, practise, magine,
　keep, suggest, advise, allow, permit,
　be worth doing, be used to doing, be busy doing,
　can't help doing, it is no good doing, it is no use doing,
　look forward to doing, stick to doing, pay attention to doing,
　devote to doing, lead to doing

II．例題
　例１ She says she doesn't feel like ____ out with you.
　A going B to go C for going D went
　解析：該題正確答案為A。 feel like = want, 此處like 為介詞，后面要接名詞或動名詞作賓語
　例２ The garden needs ____.
　A water B watering C to water D watered
　解析：該題正確答案為B。 need = want = require. 如果物作主語，此三者后要接動名詞或to be done這一結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語。
　例３ Excuse me ____ you.
　A interrupting B to interrupt
　C interrupted D to have interrupted
　解析：該題正確答案為A。excuse 后接動名詞作賓語，此句中的me為動名詞的邏輯主語（常用于口語中）。

（九）分詞

I． 要點
　分詞既具有動詞的一些特征，又具有形容和副詞的句法功能。它分為現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞兩類�，F(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞的主要差別在于現(xiàn)在分詞有一般式和完成式，過去分詞則只有一般式�，F(xiàn)在分詞表動作正在進行，表主動。過去分詞及物動詞表動作已經(jīng)完成，表被動。過去分詞不及物動詞表動作已經(jīng)完成，表主動。
過去分詞的句法功能：
　１、 作定語
　I like to read the novel written by Lu Xun.
　The woman sitting beside the broken window was a friend of mine.
�。�、 作表語
　When I came into the room, I found the window was broken.
　I'm interested in this book.
�。�、 作賓語補足語
　I'm going to have my bike repaired.
　When I walked home, I saw the thief caught by the police.
　4、作狀語
　Seen from the top of the mountain, the city looks small.
　The teacher came into the classroom, followed by his students.

　現(xiàn)在分詞的句法功能。
　1、作狀語
　Seeing from the top of the mountain, I found the city was beautiful.
　Walking along the street, they suddenly saw him.
　2、作賓語
　I hate being spoken ill of.
　He considered visiting Japan during the winter vocation.

　3、作表語
　Seeing is believing.
　The book is interesting.
　4、作賓語補足語
　I noticed him crossing the street.
　Mother caught him smoking in the kitchen.
　5、作定語
　Do you know the man writing a letter?
　The worker running a machine is my brother.

　分詞使用中的幾個問題
　1、現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式
　Having cleaned the room, I went out.
　2、現(xiàn)在分詞的否定式
　Not having received any letter, he felt a little worried.
　3、現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的不同
　現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動、正在，過去分詞表示被動、完成
　I found the man killed there.
　I found the man standing there.
　4、have結(jié)構(gòu)
　We have the car repaired.
　We have repaired the car.
　We have Tom repair the car.
　We have Tom repairing the car the whole morning.
　5、分詞作表語
　We were excited at the news.
　The football game is exciting.
　6、獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)
　It being a fine day, we went out to visit the park.

II． 例題
　例1、Time_______， I'll go on a picnic with you.
　A. permit B. to permit C. permitted D. permitting
　解析：該題答案為D。 Time permitting…是獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，意為"如果時間允許的話…"
　例2、_______ if he had any bad habit, she replied that he was a heavy smoker.
　A. Ask B. To ask C. Asked D. Asking
　解析：該題答案為C。主語she是被問。

英語語法知識難點（三）
（十）情態(tài)動詞與助動詞

I． 要點
　助動詞本身無意義，在句中幫助主要動詞構(gòu)成一定的時態(tài)，語態(tài)、語氣，或是幫助構(gòu)成否定句和疑問句，常用的助動詞有be, do, have, shall(should), will(would).
　情態(tài)動詞表一定的詞義，本身并不表示動作或狀態(tài)，而僅僅表達說話人的態(tài)度，它在句中須和主要動詞一起構(gòu)成謂語，主要的情態(tài)動詞有can(could), may (might), must, have to, ought to, need, dare, shall, should, will, would.
　1、can 能，可以，表說話人同意，許可還可表客觀條件許可，如:You can go now.
　提建議或請求時可用can I, can you表客氣，如Can I buy you a drink?
　can和be able to表能力時的區(qū)別。
　can表一般具有的能力，be able to表在特定條件下的能力，如:Although the driver was badly hurt, he was able to explain what had happened.
　2、may
　（1）、可以，表說話人同意，許可或請求對方許可。You may go.
�。�2）、（現(xiàn)在和將來）可能，也許，只用于肯定句和否定句中，如He may not be right.
　3、must, have to
　must表主觀上的必須，have to表客觀上的必須，如:It's getting late. I have to go. -Must I go now. -Yes, you must.
　(No, you needn't./ No, you don't have to.)
　4、need, dare這二詞有實意動詞和情態(tài)動詞兩種詞性，如用作實意動詞后接動詞不定式to do，如用作情態(tài)動詞后接動詞原形。Need I go now? --Yes, you must./No, you needn't.)
　5、shall用于第一人稱疑問句中表說話人征求對方的意見或向?qū)Ψ秸埱�，如，Shall we begin our lesson?
　用于二、三人稱陳述句，表說話人命令、警告、允諾、威脅等口吻，如: You shall fail if you don't work harder.
　6、should表應(yīng)該，意為有責(zé)任，有義務(wù)。如:We should try our best to make our country more beautiful.
　7、will表有做某事的意志、意愿、安心、打算，如 "Will you lend me your book?" "Yes, I will."，
　8、should have done表應(yīng)該做而未做
　must have done表對過去事實的肯定推測
　could have done表本可以做某事
　9、判斷句：肯定句用must, 否定句用can't, 不太肯定用may, might
　He must be in the office now.
　He must have gone to bed, for the light is out.
　He can't be in the office. He is at home.
　He couldn't have cleaned the classroom, because he didn't come here today.
　He might be in the office, I am not sure.
　He might have cleaned the room, I suppose.

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I．要點
　有時為了避免重復(fù)，使語言簡練緊湊，在不損害結(jié)構(gòu)或引起誤解的原則下，往往省去一個或多個句子成分或詞語。
�。�、 固定習(xí)慣用詞。如：
　No smoking! Thanks s lot!等。
　2. 簡單句中的省略
�。ǎ保� 口語中，一、二、三人稱的主語，有時還包括謂語都可以省略。如：（It is）Nice to see you!
　(This is) Li Ming speaking.
�。ǎ玻� 所有格后的名詞如為住宅、商店、工礦、教堂等可以省略。如：
　I'm going to visit Tom's (house).
　I met him at the tailor's (shop).
�。ǎ常� 兩個或兩個以上的動詞不定式并列在一起時，第一個不定式帶to，后面的不定式可省to.如: His job is to clean and mend the machine.

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