1、理解主旨和要義；                     2、理解文中具體信息；

3、根據(jù)上下文推斷生詞的詞義；           4、做出簡單判斷和推理；

5、理解文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)；                 6、理解作者的意圖、觀點和態(tài)度。

例1.Do you know what a “territory” is ? A territory is an area that an animal ,usually the male, claims（聲稱）as its own.

[分析]由定義可推知，這里territory指的是：“動物的地盤”。

例2.In fact, only about 80 ocelots, an endangered wild cat, exist in the U.S. today．

[分析]由同位語an endangered wild cat我們很快猜出生詞ocelots的義域：一種瀕臨滅絕野貓。

例3. Here is The Pines ,whose cook has developed a special way of mixing foreign food such as caribou ,wild boar ,and reindeer with surprising sauces .

According to the passage ,The Pines is a         .

A．place in which you can see many mobile homes

B．mountain where you can get a good view of the valley

C．town which happens to be near the Banff National Park

D．restaurant where you can ask for some special kinds of food

[分析]通過whose引導的定語從句，我們可以推測到：The Pines 是一家餐館的名字，由此不難推出理解題的答案為：D。

2）根據(jù)舉例猜測詞義

恰當?shù)呐e例能夠提供猜測生詞的重要線索。

例4. The course gives you chances to know great power polities between nation states. It will provide more space to study particular issues such as relationship among countries in the European Union, third world debt, local and international disagreement, and the work of such international bodies as the United Nations, the European Union, NATO, and the World Bank.

[分析]根據(jù)such as 后面列舉的一系列例子，我們應(yīng)該能推斷出句中的issue 是指“議題”。

二、是內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系

根據(jù)內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系推測詞義是指應(yīng)用語言知識分析和判斷相關(guān)信息之間存在的邏輯關(guān)系，然后根據(jù)邏輯聯(lián)系推斷生詞詞義或大致義域。

1）根據(jù)對比、比較關(guān)系猜測詞義

在一個句子或段落中，有對兩個事物或現(xiàn)象進行對比性的描述，我們可以根據(jù)生詞的反義詞猜測其詞義。表示對比關(guān)系的詞匯和短語主要有：unlike, not, but, however, despite, in spite of, in contrast 等。 表示對比關(guān)系的句子結(jié)構(gòu)：while 引導的并列句。同對比關(guān)系相反，比較關(guān)系表示意義上的相似關(guān)系。表示比較關(guān)系的詞和短語主要有：similarly, like, just as, also, as well as 等。

例5.A child’s birthday party doesn’t  have to be a hassle; it can be a basket of fun.

What does the underlined word “hassle” (paragraph 1) probably mean?

A.a party designed by specialists              B.a plan requiring careful thought

C.a situation causing difficulty or trouble       D.a demand made by guests

[分析]根據(jù)對比關(guān)系，這里hassle 和 a basket of fun 是相反的意義，很容易判斷理解題的答案為C。

例6.Green loves to talk, and his brothers are similarly loquacious.

該句中副詞similarly表明短語loves to talk和loquacious 之間的比較關(guān)系，其意義相近。由此我們可推斷出loquacious的意思是“健談的”。

2）根據(jù)因果關(guān)系猜測詞義

在句子或段落中，若兩個事物現(xiàn)象之間構(gòu)成因果關(guān)系，我們可以根據(jù)這種邏輯關(guān)系推測生詞詞義。

例7.feel that since you are my superior , it would be presumptuous of me to tell you what to do .”

（2005年上海卷）

The word “presumptuous” in the middle of the passage is closest in meaning to “      ” .

    A．full of respect   B．too confident and rude  C．lacking in experience  D．too shy and quiet

[分析]根據(jù)since 引導的原因狀語從句的內(nèi)容（“既然你是我的上司”），我們可以推斷這里presumptuous的意思是：“冒失的，放肆的”意思，后半句的意思是：我告訴你怎么做會是一種放肆/冒失的行為。對應(yīng)的理解題答案為：B。

例8.Pruning is important because it encourages the growth of tender shoots,or young leaves.

根據(jù)原因狀語從句的內(nèi)容，我們可以判斷Pruning的意思是：“修剪（樹枝等）”的意思。

3）根據(jù)說明、并列、同等同義近義、、反義等關(guān)系猜測詞義

在句子或段落中，我們可以利用熟悉的詞語，根據(jù)語言環(huán)境所表面的關(guān)系猜測詞義。

例9.William Shakespeare said. “The web of our life is of a mingled yarn（紗線），good and ill together.”

The underlined word “mingled” in the last paragraph most probably means     .

A．simple     B．mixed         C．sad           D．happy

[分析]句中g(shù)ood and ill together 更具體地說明了a mingled yarn的意義，據(jù)此我們不難推測mingled的意思是：“混合的，交織的”。

例10.Is it possible to beat high blood pressure without drugs ? The answer is “yes”, according to the researchers at Johns Hopkins and three other medical centers.

[分析]根據(jù)and three other medical centers 這種并列關(guān)系，我們很容易推斷出：Johns Hopkins是一家醫(yī)療中心。

例11.There is no reason to insult and defame the man simply because you do not agree with him.

[分析]根據(jù)與insult“侮辱”的同等關(guān)系猜測defame為“詆毀” ，“中傷”或“誹謗”

例12.The game Americans call soccer is known around the world as football.

[分析]運用與football的同義關(guān)系推斷為“足球”。

例13.The house stood at the end of a quiet neat street. The little dwelling,however,looked neglected and cheerless.

[分析]運用與The house近義關(guān)系可以推斷dwelling與住所有關(guān)

例14.Most women in China ---educated and illiterated, urban and rural, the young and old-----work to earn an income in addition to maintaining their roles as housewives and mothers.

[分析]后面的urban and rural, the young and old之間都有反義關(guān)系，運用這個關(guān)系可以推斷illiterated為“未接受過教育的，即文盲”

在猜測詞義過程中，我們還可以依靠構(gòu)詞法方面的知識，從生詞本身猜測詞義。

1）根據(jù)前綴猜測詞義

例15.Do you have any strong opinion on co-educational or single-sex schools?

根據(jù)詞根educational （教育的），結(jié)合前綴co-（共同，一起），我們便可以猜出co-educational的意思是：“男女同校教育的”意思。

2）根據(jù)后綴猜測詞義

例16. It's a quiet, comfortable hotel overlooking (俯瞰) the bay in an uncommercialized Cornish fishing village on England's most southerly point．

后綴 -ise/ize意思是“使成為…；使…化”，結(jié)合詞根commercial（商業(yè)的），不難猜出 uncommercialized 的意思是：“未被商業(yè)化的”。

3）根據(jù)復合詞的各部分猜測詞義

例17.Good tool design is important in the prevention of overuse injuries. Well ? designed tools and equipment will require less force to operate them and prevent awkward（別扭的）hand positions.（2005年北京卷）

Well-designed 或許是個生詞，但我們分析該詞的結(jié)構(gòu)后，就能推測出其含義。它由well （好，優(yōu)秀）和design （設(shè)計）兩部分組成，合在一起便是“設(shè)計精巧的”意思。

例18. We live in a technological society where most goods are mass-produced by unskilled labor. Because of this, most people that craft (手藝) no longer exists.

根據(jù)合成詞中的mass （大量的）和produce （生產(chǎn)），我們可以推測 mass-produce的意思是：“大批量生產(chǎn)；規(guī)模生產(chǎn)”的意思。

4）猜測詞性變換新詞含義

例19.The other teams, disappointed, were on the bus heading home. （2004年山東卷）
head本為名詞，表頭。由the bus和home的語境邏輯可以推斷，該句head為動詞，表方向，結(jié)合全句可譯為“開往、駛向”。

例20.I had first known she was wrong, that her anxiety had clouded her judgment. cloud本為名詞。分析語境邏輯可知，憂慮會影響一個人的判斷，因此該句clouded應(yīng)譯為使難以……。

四、是根據(jù)生活常識

運用自身的生活經(jīng)驗及生活常識，根據(jù)上下文能讀懂的部分，可以正確猜出詞義。

例21.Birds fly with their wings, and they pick up their foods, and then eat them with their beaks and they use their claws for tearing, seizing, pulling or holding objects.

例22.Most of the roses are beginning to wither because of the cold.

句子的已知部分和我們的常識告訴我們：beaks是“喙”；claws是“爪子”；wither是“枯萎”。