談定語(yǔ)從句中的關(guān)系代詞可換與不可換
請(qǐng)看下面這道選擇題:I have told everything ________ I know to you. A.what B.that C.which D.who 本題考查的是定語(yǔ)從句關(guān)系代詞的用法。關(guān)系代詞that,which和who引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí),在句中的職能和意義彼此相通:即which用來(lái)指物,who用來(lái)指人,that即可指物,也可指人。指物時(shí),which和that有時(shí)可以互換;指人時(shí),who和that有時(shí)可以互換,但在下列情況下卻不能互換:
1.如果定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的詞是指物的不定代詞時(shí),用that不用which。故此,本題答案應(yīng)選B(that),不選C(which)。也就是說(shuō),在本題中,that與which不能互換。但是指人的不定代詞用that或who皆可。例如: They will punish(懲罰)anybody that/who cut down young trees.
2.當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的詞有限定的修飾詞時(shí),必須用which或who,不能用that。例如:(1)April 1st is the day which is called April Fool's Day in the west. (2) I know the detective who successfully saved the little boy in the accident.
3.當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的那個(gè)詞是數(shù)詞或所修飾的那個(gè)名詞有一個(gè)數(shù)詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí),一般用that,不用which。例如:The two books that I bought yesterday are English novels.
4.在only,no,any,little,much,all之后,以及先行詞帶有最高級(jí)修飾語(yǔ)時(shí),一般多用that不用which,但all指人時(shí),用who不用that。例如: (1)This is the only book that we can borrow. (2)That is the best film that I have seen so far. (3)The book contains much/little that is useful.(4)All who know him like him very much. (5)Say all that you know.
5.that不能像which,whom那樣放在介詞之后,而必須將介詞調(diào)到句末。例如: (1)The man that/who you talked with yesterday is my uncle.或The man with whom you talked yesterday is my uncle. (2)This is the cage in which Polly lives.或This is the cage that/which Polly lives in.
6.人和物并列作先行詞時(shí),在the same,the very,the last和序數(shù)詞之后時(shí),常用that,一般不用which或who。例如: (1)She was the first/the last students that came this morning. (2)He made a speech on the men and things that he had seen in Canada. (3) Looking at the man and his donkey that are walking up the street. (4)This is the same pen that I lost yesterday. (5)This is the very book that I have been looking for.
7.前面有who,which,what等疑問(wèn)代詞時(shí),定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞應(yīng)用that,不用who或which。例如:(1)Who is the man that is standing by the door? (2)Who that has such a home does not love it? (3)Which is the dog that you lost yesterday? (4)What that you say does not interest him?
8.先行詞為that,those指物時(shí),關(guān)系代詞用which。those指人時(shí),關(guān)系代詞用who,that皆可。例如:(1)Please show me that which you bought yesterday. (2)That which you borrowed from me wasn't a real diamond necklace.(3)They are those who/that we love.
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