第五講 等差等比

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【考題回放】

1.在等差數(shù)列6ec8aac122bd4f6e中,6ec8aac122bd4f6e,則6ec8aac122bd4f6e(  A )

A.6ec8aac122bd4f6e       B.6ec8aac122bd4f6e          C.6ec8aac122bd4f6e        D. -1或1

2.(安徽)直角三角形三邊成等比數(shù)列,公比為6ec8aac122bd4f6e,則6ec8aac122bd4f6e的值為( D  )

A.6ec8aac122bd4f6e       B. 6ec8aac122bd4f6e     C. 6ec8aac122bd4f6e   D. 6ec8aac122bd4f6e

3.已知數(shù)列{6ec8aac122bd4f6e}的前6ec8aac122bd4f6e項和6ec8aac122bd4f6e,第6ec8aac122bd4f6e項滿足6ec8aac122bd4f6e,則6ec8aac122bd4f6e( B。

  A.6ec8aac122bd4f6e         B.6ec8aac122bd4f6e          C. 6ec8aac122bd4f6e         D.6ec8aac122bd4f6e

4.已知兩個等差數(shù)列6ec8aac122bd4f6e6ec8aac122bd4f6e的前6ec8aac122bd4f6e項和分別為A6ec8aac122bd4f6e6ec8aac122bd4f6e,且6ec8aac122bd4f6e,則使得6ec8aac122bd4f6e為整數(shù)的正整數(shù)6ec8aac122bd4f6e的個數(shù)是( D )

A.2      B.3      C.4      D.5

5.設(shè)等差數(shù)列6ec8aac122bd4f6e的公差6ec8aac122bd4f6e不為0,6ec8aac122bd4f6e.若6ec8aac122bd4f6e6ec8aac122bd4f6e6ec8aac122bd4f6e的等比中項,則6ec8aac122bd4f6e( B。

A.2      B.4      C.6      D.8

6. 等比數(shù)列6ec8aac122bd4f6e的前6ec8aac122bd4f6e項和為6ec8aac122bd4f6e,已知6ec8aac122bd4f6e,6ec8aac122bd4f6e,6ec8aac122bd4f6e成等差數(shù)列,則6ec8aac122bd4f6e的公比為      6ec8aac122bd4f6e

★★★高考要考什么

等差數(shù)列的證明方法:1. 定義法:2.等差中項:對于數(shù)列6ec8aac122bd4f6e,若6ec8aac122bd4f6e

等差數(shù)列的通項公式:6ec8aac122bd4f6e------該公式整理后是關(guān)于n的一次函數(shù)

等差數(shù)列的前n項和 1.6ec8aac122bd4f6e     2.  6ec8aac122bd4f6e   3.6ec8aac122bd4f6e

等差中項: 如果6ec8aac122bd4f6e,6ec8aac122bd4f6e6ec8aac122bd4f6e成等差數(shù)列,那么6ec8aac122bd4f6e叫做6ec8aac122bd4f6e6ec8aac122bd4f6e的等差中項。即:6ec8aac122bd4f6e6ec8aac122bd4f6e

等差數(shù)列的性質(zhì):1.等差數(shù)列任意兩項間的關(guān)系:如果6ec8aac122bd4f6e是等差數(shù)列的第6ec8aac122bd4f6e項,6ec8aac122bd4f6e是等差數(shù)列的第6ec8aac122bd4f6e項,且6ec8aac122bd4f6e,公差為6ec8aac122bd4f6e,則有6ec8aac122bd4f6e

2.     對于等差數(shù)列6ec8aac122bd4f6e,若6ec8aac122bd4f6e,則6ec8aac122bd4f6e。也就是:6ec8aac122bd4f6e,

3.若數(shù)列6ec8aac122bd4f6e是等差數(shù)列,6ec8aac122bd4f6e是其前n項的和,6ec8aac122bd4f6e,那么6ec8aac122bd4f6e,6ec8aac122bd4f6e6ec8aac122bd4f6e成等差數(shù)列。如下圖所示:6ec8aac122bd4f6e

4.設(shè)數(shù)列6ec8aac122bd4f6e是等差數(shù)列,6ec8aac122bd4f6e是奇數(shù)項的和,6ec8aac122bd4f6e是偶數(shù)項項的和,6ec8aac122bd4f6e是前n項的和,則有如下性質(zhì):

1當(dāng)n為偶數(shù)時,6ec8aac122bd4f6e, 2當(dāng)n為奇數(shù)時,則6ec8aac122bd4f6e,6ec8aac122bd4f6e6ec8aac122bd4f6e

等比數(shù)列的判定方法:①定義法:若6ec8aac122bd4f6e等比中項:若6ec8aac122bd4f6e,則數(shù)列6ec8aac122bd4f6e是等比數(shù)列。

等比數(shù)列的通項公式:如果等比數(shù)列6ec8aac122bd4f6e的首項是6ec8aac122bd4f6e,公比是6ec8aac122bd4f6e,則等比數(shù)列的通項為6ec8aac122bd4f6e。

等比數(shù)列的前n項和:16ec8aac122bd4f6e   26ec8aac122bd4f6e   3當(dāng)6ec8aac122bd4f6e時,6ec8aac122bd4f6e

等比中項:如果使6ec8aac122bd4f6e,6ec8aac122bd4f6e,6ec8aac122bd4f6e成等比數(shù)列,那么6ec8aac122bd4f6e叫做6ec8aac122bd4f6e6ec8aac122bd4f6e等比中項。那么6ec8aac122bd4f6e。

 

等比數(shù)列的性質(zhì):

1.等比數(shù)列任意兩項間的關(guān)系:如果6ec8aac122bd4f6e是等數(shù)列的第6ec8aac122bd4f6e項,6ec8aac122bd4f6e是等差數(shù)列的第6ec8aac122bd4f6e項,且6ec8aac122bd4f6e,公6ec8aac122bd4f6e,則有6ec8aac122bd4f6e

2.     對于等比數(shù)列6ec8aac122bd4f6e,若6ec8aac122bd4f6e,則6ec8aac122bd4f6e也就是:6ec8aac122bd4f6e。

3.若數(shù)列6ec8aac122bd4f6e是等數(shù)列,6ec8aac122bd4f6e是其前n項的和,6ec8aac122bd4f6e,那么6ec8aac122bd4f6e,6ec8aac122bd4f6e,6ec8aac122bd4f6e成等數(shù)列。如下圖所示:6ec8aac122bd4f6e

★     ★★ 突 破 重 難 點

【范例1】6ec8aac122bd4f6e是等差數(shù)列6ec8aac122bd4f6e的前n項和,已知6ec8aac122bd4f6e的等比中項為6ec8aac122bd4f6e,6ec8aac122bd4f6e的等差中項為1,求數(shù)列6ec8aac122bd4f6e的通項.

解析 由已知得6ec8aac122bd4f6e,   即6ec8aac122bd4f6e

解得6ec8aac122bd4f6e6ec8aac122bd4f6e  6ec8aac122bd4f6e 或 6ec8aac122bd4f6e

經(jīng)驗證 6ec8aac122bd4f6e 或 6ec8aac122bd4f6e均滿足題意,即為所求.

【點睛】若6ec8aac122bd4f6e是等差數(shù)列6ec8aac122bd4f6e的前n項和,則數(shù)列6ec8aac122bd4f6e也是等差數(shù)列.本題是以此背景設(shè)計此題.

【變式】已知等差數(shù)列{an}的公差和等比數(shù)列{bn}的公比相等,且都等于dd>0,d≠1).若a1=b1,a3=3b3a5=5b5,求an,bn

解:由已知6ec8aac122bd4f6e①②

由①,得a1(3d2-1)=2d          ③

由②,得a1(5d4-1)=4d          ④

因為d≠0,由③與④得2(3d2-1)=5d4-1, 即5d4-6d2+1=0,解得d=±1,d=±6ec8aac122bd4f6e

d>0,d≠1,∴d6ec8aac122bd4f6e.代入③,得a1=-6ec8aac122bd4f6e,故b1=-6ec8aac122bd4f6e.

an=-6ec8aac122bd4f6e6ec8aac122bd4f6en-1)=6ec8aac122bd4f6en-6),bn=-6ec8aac122bd4f6e×(6ec8aac122bd4f6en-1

本小題考查等差數(shù)列和等比數(shù)列的概念、性質(zhì),方程(組)的解法以及運(yùn)算能力和分析能力.

 

【范例2】下表給出一個“三角形數(shù)陣”:

6ec8aac122bd4f6e

                      6ec8aac122bd4f6e,6ec8aac122bd4f6e

                      6ec8aac122bd4f6e,6ec8aac122bd4f6e,6ec8aac122bd4f6e

                      …  …   …  …

已知每一列的數(shù)成等差數(shù)列;從第三行起,每一行的數(shù)成等比數(shù)列,每一行的公比都相等.記第i行第j列的數(shù)為aij ( iji, jN*).

(1) 求a83;

(2) 試寫出a ij關(guān)于ij的表達(dá)式;

(3) 記第n行的和為An,求6ec8aac122bd4f6e

解析 (1)由題知6ec8aac122bd4f6e成等差數(shù)列,且6ec8aac122bd4f6e,所以公差6ec8aac122bd4f6e

6ec8aac122bd4f6e成等比數(shù)列,且6ec8aac122bd4f6e.又公比都相等,∴每行的公比是6ec8aac122bd4f6e.∴6ec8aac122bd4f6e. 

(2)由(1)知,6ec8aac122bd4f6e,∴6ec8aac122bd4f6e. 

(3)6ec8aac122bd4f6e6ec8aac122bd4f6e

【點睛】在新穎背景――數(shù)表中運(yùn)用數(shù)列知識.

【文】在等比數(shù)列{a n}中,前n項和為Sn,若Sm,Sm+2,Sm+1成等差數(shù)列,則am, am+2, am+1成等差數(shù)列6ec8aac122bd4f6e

   (1)寫出這個命題的逆命題;(2)判斷逆命題是否為真,并給出證明6ec8aac122bd4f6e

解析(1)逆命題:在等比數(shù)列{an}中,前n項和為Sn,若am, am+2, am+1成等差數(shù)列,則 Sm,Sm+2,Sm+1成等差數(shù)列6ec8aac122bd4f6e

   (2)設(shè){an}的首項為a1,公比為q.    由已知得2am+2= am + am+1

    ∴2a1qm+1=a16ec8aac122bd4f6e+a1qm    ∵a1≠0  q≠0 ,∴2q2-q-1=0 ,  ∴q=1或q=-6ec8aac122bd4f6e6ec8aac122bd4f6e

當(dāng)q=1時,∵Sm=ma1, Sm+2= (m+2)a1,Sm+1= (m+1)a1,

∴Sm+Sm+1≠2 Sm+2,      ∴Sm,Sm+2,Sm+1不成等差數(shù)列6ec8aac122bd4f6e

當(dāng)q=-6ec8aac122bd4f6e時, 6ec8aac122bd4f6e,

6ec8aac122bd4f6e

∴Sm+Sm+1=2 Sm+2 ,     ∴Sm,Sm+2,Sm+1成等差數(shù)列6ec8aac122bd4f6e

綜上得:當(dāng)公比q=1時,逆命題為假;當(dāng)公比q≠1時,逆命題為真6ec8aac122bd4f6e

【點睛】逆命題中證明需分類討論是本題的亮點和靈活之處.

【變式】等差數(shù)列6ec8aac122bd4f6e的前6ec8aac122bd4f6e項和為6ec8aac122bd4f6e

(Ⅰ)求數(shù)列6ec8aac122bd4f6e的通項6ec8aac122bd4f6e與前6ec8aac122bd4f6e項和6ec8aac122bd4f6e;

(Ⅱ)設(shè)6ec8aac122bd4f6e,求證:數(shù)列6ec8aac122bd4f6e中任意不同的三項都不可能成為等比數(shù)列.

解:(Ⅰ)由已知得6ec8aac122bd4f6e,6ec8aac122bd4f6e, 故6ec8aac122bd4f6e

(Ⅱ)由(Ⅰ)得6ec8aac122bd4f6e

    假設(shè)數(shù)列6ec8aac122bd4f6e中存在三項6ec8aac122bd4f6e6ec8aac122bd4f6e互不相等)成等比數(shù)列,則6ec8aac122bd4f6e

    即6ec8aac122bd4f6e6ec8aac122bd4f6e  6ec8aac122bd4f6e,

    6ec8aac122bd4f6e   6ec8aac122bd4f6e.    與6ec8aac122bd4f6e矛盾.

    所以數(shù)列6ec8aac122bd4f6e中任意不同的三項都不可能成等比數(shù)列.

【范例3】若有窮數(shù)列6ec8aac122bd4f6e6ec8aac122bd4f6e是正整數(shù)),滿足6ec8aac122bd4f6e6ec8aac122bd4f6e6ec8aac122bd4f6e是正整數(shù),且6ec8aac122bd4f6e),就稱該數(shù)列為“對稱數(shù)列”。

(1)已知數(shù)列6ec8aac122bd4f6e是項數(shù)為7的對稱數(shù)列,且6ec8aac122bd4f6e成等差數(shù)列,6ec8aac122bd4f6e,試寫出6ec8aac122bd4f6e的每一項

(2)已知6ec8aac122bd4f6e是項數(shù)為6ec8aac122bd4f6e的對稱數(shù)列,且6ec8aac122bd4f6e構(gòu)成首項為50,公差為6ec8aac122bd4f6e的等差數(shù)列,數(shù)列6ec8aac122bd4f6e的前6ec8aac122bd4f6e項和為6ec8aac122bd4f6e,則當(dāng)6ec8aac122bd4f6e為何值時,6ec8aac122bd4f6e取到最大值?最大值為多少?

(3)對于給定的正整數(shù)6ec8aac122bd4f6e,試寫出所有項數(shù)不超過6ec8aac122bd4f6e的對稱數(shù)列,使得6ec8aac122bd4f6e成為數(shù)列中的連續(xù)項;當(dāng)6ec8aac122bd4f6e時,試求其中一個數(shù)列的前2008項和6ec8aac122bd4f6e

解:(1)設(shè)6ec8aac122bd4f6e的公差為6ec8aac122bd4f6e,則6ec8aac122bd4f6e,解得 6ec8aac122bd4f6e,6ec8aac122bd4f6e數(shù)列6ec8aac122bd4f6e6ec8aac122bd4f6e

(2)6ec8aac122bd4f6e 6ec8aac122bd4f6e,  

    6ec8aac122bd4f6e6ec8aac122bd4f6e當(dāng)6ec8aac122bd4f6e時,6ec8aac122bd4f6e取得最大值為626.

  (3)所有可能的“對稱數(shù)列”是:

      ① 6ec8aac122bd4f6e;  ② 6ec8aac122bd4f6e

      ③ 6ec8aac122bd4f6e; ④ 6ec8aac122bd4f6e

對于①,當(dāng)6ec8aac122bd4f6e時,6ec8aac122bd4f6e.   

 當(dāng)6ec8aac122bd4f6e時,6ec8aac122bd4f6e

 6ec8aac122bd4f6e6ec8aac122bd4f6e.     

 對于②,當(dāng)6ec8aac122bd4f6e時,6ec8aac122bd4f6e.當(dāng)6ec8aac122bd4f6e時,6ec8aac122bd4f6e6ec8aac122bd4f6e

 對于③,當(dāng)6ec8aac122bd4f6e時,6ec8aac122bd4f6e;當(dāng)6ec8aac122bd4f6e時,6ec8aac122bd4f6e6ec8aac122bd4f6e

 對于④,當(dāng)6ec8aac122bd4f6e時,6ec8aac122bd4f6e;當(dāng)6ec8aac122bd4f6e時,6ec8aac122bd4f6e6ec8aac122bd4f6e

 【點睛】在看懂題目意思基礎(chǔ)上,注意各種情況的討論,考察觀察,分析,運(yùn)用能力

【文】如果有窮數(shù)列6ec8aac122bd4f6e6ec8aac122bd4f6e為正整數(shù))滿足條件6ec8aac122bd4f6e,6ec8aac122bd4f6e,…,6ec8aac122bd4f6e,即6ec8aac122bd4f6e6ec8aac122bd4f6e),我們稱其為“對稱數(shù)列”.

例如,數(shù)列6ec8aac122bd4f6e與數(shù)列6ec8aac122bd4f6e都是“對稱數(shù)列”.

(1)設(shè)6ec8aac122bd4f6e是7項的“對稱數(shù)列”,其中6ec8aac122bd4f6e是等差數(shù)列,且6ec8aac122bd4f6e,6ec8aac122bd4f6e.依次寫出6ec8aac122bd4f6e的每一項;

(2)設(shè)6ec8aac122bd4f6e6ec8aac122bd4f6e項的“對稱數(shù)列”,其中6ec8aac122bd4f6e是首項為6ec8aac122bd4f6e,公比為6ec8aac122bd4f6e的等比數(shù)列,求6ec8aac122bd4f6e各項的和6ec8aac122bd4f6e;

(3)設(shè)6ec8aac122bd4f6e6ec8aac122bd4f6e項的“對稱數(shù)列”,其中6ec8aac122bd4f6e是首項為6ec8aac122bd4f6e,公差為6ec8aac122bd4f6e的等差數(shù)列.求6ec8aac122bd4f6e6ec8aac122bd4f6e項的和6ec8aac122bd4f6e6ec8aac122bd4f6e

解:(1)設(shè)數(shù)列6ec8aac122bd4f6e的公差為6ec8aac122bd4f6e,則6ec8aac122bd4f6e,解得 6ec8aac122bd4f6e,

    6ec8aac122bd4f6e數(shù)列6ec8aac122bd4f6e6ec8aac122bd4f6e.   

(2)6ec8aac122bd4f6e6ec8aac122bd4f6e

           6ec8aac122bd4f6e6ec8aac122bd4f6e6ec8aac122bd4f6e67108861. 

(3)6ec8aac122bd4f6e.由題意得 6ec8aac122bd4f6e是首項為6ec8aac122bd4f6e,公差為6ec8aac122bd4f6e的等差數(shù)列.

  當(dāng)6ec8aac122bd4f6e時,6ec8aac122bd4f6e6ec8aac122bd4f6e

  當(dāng)6ec8aac122bd4f6e時,6ec8aac122bd4f6e6ec8aac122bd4f6e 

                      6ec8aac122bd4f6e6ec8aac122bd4f6e

綜上所述,6ec8aac122bd4f6e

               

 


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