閱讀下面兩個(gè)材料并回答問(wèn)題：
【材料一】2011年10月3日，諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)委員會(huì)宣布，美國(guó)科學(xué)家布魯斯·巴特勒、盧森堡科學(xué)家朱爾斯·霍夫曼和加拿大科學(xué)家拉爾夫·斯坦曼獲得2011年諾貝爾醫(yī)學(xué)生理學(xué)獎(jiǎng)。在長(zhǎng)期進(jìn)化過(guò)程中人體具備兩種免疫機(jī)能：一是“固有免疫”，二是“獲得性免疫”。布魯斯·巴特勒、朱爾斯·霍夫曼的獲獎(jiǎng)?lì)I(lǐng)域在前者；而拉爾夫·斯坦曼的工作主要在后者。
布魯斯·巴特勒、朱爾斯·霍夫曼發(fā)現(xiàn)了由“Toll”基因編碼的關(guān)鍵受體蛋白，該受體蛋白能識(shí)別病原微生物，并激活“固有免疫”，打開(kāi)免疫反應(yīng)的第一步；拉爾夫·斯坦曼發(fā)現(xiàn)的樹(shù)突狀細(xì)胞在免疫應(yīng)答中作用，樹(shù)突狀細(xì)胞在體內(nèi)游弋，發(fā)現(xiàn)并攝取病原體的特異性抗原，并報(bào)告給T淋巴細(xì)胞，T細(xì)胞將調(diào)動(dòng)其他免疫細(xì)胞發(fā)生級(jí)聯(lián)反應(yīng)，最終消滅病原體。
（1）材料中所描述的“固有免疫”就是_____________________免疫，這種免疫對(duì)所有的病原體都有防御作用。（1分）
（2）下列有關(guān)“Toll”基因的敘述正確的是：_____________（單選）（1分）
A．Toll基因只存在于免疫細(xì)胞中
B．Toll基因編碼受體蛋白，體現(xiàn)基因?qū)π誀畹闹苯涌刂?br />C．Toll基因編碼的受體蛋白能識(shí)別病原微生物，體現(xiàn)了免疫細(xì)胞的特異性識(shí)別
D．效應(yīng)T細(xì)胞能與靶細(xì)胞密切接觸就是該受體功能體現(xiàn)
（3）下列有關(guān)樹(shù)突狀細(xì)胞的敘述正確的是：_____________________（不定項(xiàng)）
A．樹(shù)突狀細(xì)胞在免疫中發(fā)揮作用，說(shuō)明神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)與免疫系統(tǒng)功能密切相關(guān)
B．在細(xì)胞免疫和體液免疫中樹(shù)突狀細(xì)胞所起的作用沒(méi)有明顯差別
C．樹(shù)突狀細(xì)胞能夠處理和呈遞病原體的抗原特異性
D．樹(shù)突狀細(xì)胞可觸發(fā)T細(xì)胞發(fā)生免疫反應(yīng)
E．樹(shù)突狀細(xì)胞可能是一種吞噬細(xì)胞
【材料二】（根據(jù)南方周末《喬布斯的錯(cuò)誤與諾獎(jiǎng)得主的試驗(yàn)》整理）就在瑞典卡羅琳醫(yī)學(xué)院宣布本年度諾貝爾醫(yī)學(xué)獎(jiǎng)的前3天，斯坦曼因胰腺癌不幸離世，他沒(méi)能親耳聽(tīng)到自己獲獎(jiǎng)的喜訊，令人惋惜。就在他離世死后的第6天“改變世界”的IT精英喬布斯也因胰腺癌英年早逝。
兩人所患的胰腺癌都是死亡率極高的惡性腫瘤。喬布斯患的是“胰腺內(nèi)分泌型腫瘤”，該病癥病情發(fā)展緩慢，能存活數(shù)年的患者不在少數(shù)。但這位著名的素食主義者曾一度拒絕手術(shù)治療，導(dǎo)致腫瘤細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)移，病情迅速惡化。
而斯坦曼所患的病癥為“胰腺外分泌型腫瘤”，該病患者的存活期往往只有數(shù)月。斯坦曼在2007年確診胰腺癌后，就積極嘗試基于樹(shù)突狀細(xì)胞的治療性疫苗(DC疫苗)。借助這種“細(xì)胞免疫療法”，他的生命從預(yù)期的數(shù)月延長(zhǎng)至4年。
（4）喬布斯癌變的細(xì)胞可能是_____________細(xì)胞，該細(xì)胞的分泌物與_________________。系統(tǒng)消滅癌細(xì)胞的過(guò)程是_____________（填一種特異性免疫）發(fā)揮作用。
（5）斯坦曼所注射的DC疫苗是由其體內(nèi)的樹(shù)突狀細(xì)胞和腫瘤細(xì)胞中提取的一種短肽（即治療性疫苗），該短肽在免疫中作為_(kāi)____________引起人體發(fā)生免疫反應(yīng)。除樹(shù)突狀細(xì)胞外，斯坦曼體能夠特異性識(shí)別這種短肽的細(xì)胞還有（至少寫(xiě)出3種）______________________________________。
（6）有人認(rèn)為DC疫苗對(duì)防治癌癥有一定的療效，原因是：通過(guò)免疫反應(yīng)斯坦曼體內(nèi)的免疫系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生抗體，抗體與該短肽特異性結(jié)合，使短肽失效。你認(rèn)為這個(gè)解釋對(duì)嗎，____________，請(qǐng)說(shuō)出你的理由：_________________________。（共2分）
（7）斯坦曼生前嘗試注射過(guò)三種DC疫苗，卻還是未能逃出死神的魔掌，請(qǐng)從免疫學(xué)的角度分析導(dǎo)致他死亡的可能原因是：________________________________________。

閱讀下面有關(guān)“光合作用的發(fā)現(xiàn)”的資料，重溫科學(xué)家的研究過(guò)程，回答下列問(wèn)題：
資料一：1771年英國(guó)人普利斯特利發(fā)現(xiàn)，將薄荷枝條和燃燒的蠟燭放在一個(gè)密封的鐘罩內(nèi)，蠟燭不易熄滅；將小鼠與綠色植物放在同一鐘罩內(nèi)，小鼠也不易窒息死亡。
資料二：1864年德國(guó)的薩克斯把一株盆栽植物放在黑暗處一晝夜，然后把其中一個(gè)葉片一半曝光，一半遮光，過(guò)一段時(shí)間后用碘蒸氣處理葉片，發(fā)現(xiàn)遮光那一半沒(méi)有發(fā)生顏色的變化，曝光的那一面則成深藍(lán)色。
資料三：1880年德國(guó)恩吉爾曼把載有水綿和好氧細(xì)菌的臨時(shí)裝片放在沒(méi)有氧氣的黑暗環(huán)境里，然后用極細(xì)的光束照射水綿。通過(guò)顯微鏡觀(guān)察發(fā)現(xiàn)好氧細(xì)菌只集中在葉綠體照光部位附近。如果上述臨時(shí)裝片完全暴露在光下，好氧細(xì)菌則集中在葉綠體所有受光部位周?chē)��?br />（1）普利斯特利的實(shí)驗(yàn)都是在_____________條件下進(jìn)行的，這時(shí)鐘罩內(nèi)的小白鼠不易窒息死亡的原因是__________________________________________________。
（2）薩克斯將一個(gè)葉片一半遮光，一半曝光的目的是________________。]
（3）由恩吉爾曼的實(shí)驗(yàn)可得出的結(jié)論是：光合作用的場(chǎng)所是______________。
（4）綠色植物的光合作用對(duì)于維持生物圈中的_____________平衡起著重要作用，因而綠色植物被稱(chēng)為“空氣凈化器”。
（5）根據(jù)科學(xué)家研究發(fā)現(xiàn)的光合作用原理，在農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)中可以采取何種有效措施以提高農(nóng)作物的產(chǎn)量？答：____________________________________。

What’s a typical（典型的）day like in Buenos Aires（布宜諾斯艾利斯）? For Diego, who lives with his parents in a house in Buenos Aires, a school day starts    41  . If his mother doesn’t wake him up at 6:00 a.m., his dog Luna will. Diego    42    himself quickly and takes Luna for a walk.

Then it’s time to get ready for school. Diego puts on his school clothes and eats a quick    43  . He slings（拋）his heavy schoolbag over his shoulder and gets onto the city bus for the 25 minutes’  44    to school.

Diego is in the seventh year of primary school. Classes start at 8:00 a.m. with math, followed

  45   history and music. At 1:00 p.m., Diego and his friends have their lunch. After lunch, Diego heads to English class. This is one of his favorites,    46   the students practise English by writing e-mails to students in    47    countries.

         When the    48    class ends, Diego and his friends    49   the bus to a city park to play football. Then he’s back home to start on homework. If he finishes in time, Diego will cook dinner. His parents come home from work at about 8:00 p.m., and    50    they sit down to dinner. After dinner, Diego does some reading or watches TV before getting ready for bed!

1.A. quickly                         B. early                                C. late                                  D. slowly

2.A. dress                            B. dressed                           C. dressing                          D. dresses

3.A. lunch                            B. breakfast                        C. supper                             D. dinner

4.A. walk                        B. way                                  C. ride                                  D. road

5.A. at                                  B. for                                    C. by                                     D. about

6.A. because                      B. if                                       C. since                                D. unless

7.A. other                            B. others                             C. another                           D. the others

8.A. first                              B. second                                      C. third                                 D. last

9.A. fetch                                B. carry                                C. take                                 D. bring

10.A. only                                     B. just                                   C. also                                  D. then

 

閱讀下面短文，掌握其大意，然后從41-50各題所給的A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出最佳選項(xiàng)。

What’s a typical（典型的）day like in Buenos Aires（布宜諾斯艾利斯）? For Diego, who lives with his parents in a house in Buenos Aires, a school day starts　 41 . If his mother doesn’t wake him up at 6:00 a.m., his dog Luna will. Diego　 42　 himself quickly and takes Luna for a walk.

Then it’s time to get ready for school. Diego puts on his school clothes and eats a quick　 43 . He slings（拋）his heavy schoolbag over his shoulder and gets onto the city bus for the 25 minutes’ 44　 to school.

Diego is in the seventh year of primary school. Classes start at 8:00 a.m. with math, followed

45　 history and music. At 1:00 p.m., Diego and his friends have their lunch. After lunch, Diego heads to English class. This is one of his favorites,　 46　 the students practise English by writing e-mails to students in　 47　 countries.

　　　 When the　 48　 class ends, Diego and his friends　 49　 the bus to a city park to play football. Then he’s back home to start on homework. If he finishes in time, Diego will cook dinner. His parents come home from work at about 8:00 p.m., and　 50　 they sit down to dinner. After dinner, Diego does some reading or watches TV before getting ready for bed!

（　 ）41. A. quickly　　　　　　　　 B. early　　　　　　　　　　　 C. late　　　　　　　　　　　　 D. slowly

（　 ）42. A. dress B. dressed C. dressing D. dresses

（　 ）43. A. lunch B. breakfast C. supper D. dinner

（　 ）44. A. walk　　　　　　　　　　 B. way　　　　　 　　　　　　 C. ride　　　　　　　　　　　　 D. road

（　 ）45. A. at　　　　　　　　　　　　 B. for　　　　　　　　　　　　　 C. by　　　　　　　　　　　　　 D. about

（　 ）46. A. because　　　　　　　 B. if　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 C. since　　　　　　　　　　　 D. unless

（　 ）47. A. other B. others　　　　　　　　　　 C. another D. the others

（　 ）48. A. first B. second C. third D. last

（　 ）49. A. fetch　　　　　　　　　 B. carry　　　　　　　　　　　 C. take　　　　　　　　　　　　 D. bring

（　 ）50. A. only B. just C. also D. then

What’s a typical（典型的）day like in Buenos Aires（布宜諾斯艾利斯）? For Diego, who lives with his parents in a house in Buenos Aires, a school day starts    1  . If his mother doesn’t wake him up at 6:00 a.m., his dog Luna will. Diego    2    himself quickly and takes Luna for a walk.

Then it’s time to get ready for school. Diego puts on his school clothes and eats a quick  3  . He slings（拋）his heavy schoolbag over his shoulder and gets onto the city bus for the 25 minutes’  4    to school.

Diego is in the seventh year of primary school. Classes start at 8:00 a.m. with math, followed

  5   history and music．At 1:00 p.m., Diego and his friends have their lunch. After lunch, Diego heads to English class. This is one of his favorites,    6   the students practise English by writing e-mails to students in    7    countries.

       When the    8    class ends, Diego and his friends    9   the bus to a city park to play football. Then he’s back home to start on homework. If he finishes in time, Diego will cook dinner. His parents come home from work at about 8:00 p.m., and    10    they sit down to dinner. After dinner, Diego does some reading or watches TV before getting ready for bed!

（   ）1．A．quickly                B．early                       C．late                         D．slowly

（   ）2．A．dress                  B．dressed                   C．dressing                  D．dresses

（   ）3．A．lunch                  B．breakfast                 C．supper                    D．dinner

（   ）4．A．walk                   B．way                        C．ride                        D．road

（   ）5．A．a(chǎn)t                       B．for                         C．by                          D．a(chǎn)bout

（   ）6．A．because               B．if                            C．since                      D．unless

（   ）7．A．other                   B．others                     C．a(chǎn)nother                   D．the others

（   ）8．A．first                    B．second                    C．third                       D．last

（   ）9．A．fetch                   B．carry                      C．take                        D．bring

（   ）10．A．only                  B．just                         C．a(chǎn)lso                        D．then