A Brown University sleep researcher has some advice for people who run high schools : Don't start
classes so early in the morning. It may not be that the students who nod off at their desks are lazy. And
it may not be that their parents have failed to enforce (確保) bedtime. Instead, it may be that biologically
these sleepyhead students aren't used to the early hour.
     " Maybe these kids are being asked to rise at the wrong time for their bodies, " says Mary Carskadon,
a professor looking at problems of adolescent  (青春期的) sleep at Brown's School of Medicine.
     Carskadon is trying to understand more about the effects of early school time in adolescents. And , at
a more basic level, she and her team are trying to learn more about how the biological changes of
adolescence affect sleep needs and patterns.
     Carskadon says her work suggests that adolescents may need more sleep than they did at childhood ,
no less,as commonly thought.
     Sleep patterns change during adolescence, as any parent of an adolescent can prove. Most
adolescents prefer to stay up later at night and sleep later in the morning. But it's not just a matter of choice-their bodies are going through a change of sleep patterns.
     All of this makes the transfer from middle school to high school-which may start one hour earlier in
the morning-all the more difficult , Carskadon says. With their increased need for sleep and their
biological clocks set on the "sleep late , rise late"  pattern, adolescents are up against difficulties when it
comes to trying to be up by 5 0r 6 a. m. for a 7 : 30 a. m. first bell. A short sleep on a desktop may be
their bodies' way of saying,"l need a timeout. "

1. Carskadon suggests that high schools should not start classes so early in the morning because_______.

A. it is really tough for parents to enforce bedtime
B. it is biologically difficult for students to rise early
C. students work so late at night that they can't get up early
D. students are so lazy that they don't like to go to school early

2. The underlined phrase " nod off"  ( Paragraph l) most probably means"__________".

A. turn around                    
B. agree with others
C. fall asleep                      
D. refuse to work