Question

【題目】Hollywood’s theory that machines with evil(邪惡) minds will drive armies of killer robots is just silly. The real problem relates to the possibility that artificial intelligence(AI) may become extremely good at achieving something other than what we really want. In 1960 a well-known mathematician Norbert Wiener, who founded the field of cybernetics（控制論）, put it this way: “If we use, to achieve our purposes, a mechanical agency with whose operation we cannot effectively interfere(干預(yù)), we had better be quite sure that the purpose put into the machine is the purpose which we really desire.”

A machine with a specific purpose has another quality, one that we usually associate with living things: a wish to preserve its own existence. For the machine, this quality is not in-born, nor is it something introduced by humans; it is a logical consequence of the simple fact that the machine cannot achieve its original purpose if it is dead. So if we send out a robot with the single instruction of fetching coffee, it will have a strong desire to secure success by disabling its own off switch or even killing anyone who might interfere with its task. If we are not careful, then, we could face a kind of global chess match against very determined, super intelligent machines whose objectives conflict with our own, with the real world as the chessboard.

The possibility of entering into and losing such a match should concentrate the minds of computer scientists. Some researchers argue that we can seal the machines inside a kind of firewall, using them to answer difficult questions but never allowing them to affect the real world. Unfortunately, that plan seems unlikely to work: we have yet to invent a firewall that is secure against ordinary humans, let alone super intelligent machines.

Solving the safety problem well enough to move forward in AI seems to be possible but not easy. There are probably decades in which to plan for the arrival of super intelligent machines. But the problem should not be dismissed out of hand, as it has been by some AI researchers. Some argue that humans and machines can coexist as long as they work in teams—yet that is not possible unless machines share the goals of humans. Others say we can just “switch them off” as if super intelligent machines are too stupid to think of that possibility. Still others think that super intelligent AI will never happen. On September 11, 1933, famous physicist Ernest Rutherford stated, with confidence, “Anyone who expects a source of power in the transformation of these atoms is talking moonshine.” However, on September 12, 1933, physicist Leo Szilard invented the neutron-induced(中子誘導(dǎo)) nuclear chain reaction.

【1】Paragraph 1 mainly tells us that artificial intelligence may .

A. run out of human control

B. satisfy human’s real desires

C. command armies of killer robots

D. work faster than a mathematician

【2】Machines with specific purposes are associated with living things partly because they might be able to .

A. prevent themselves from being destroyed

【3】According to some researchers, we can use firewalls to .

A. help super intelligent machines work better

B. be secure against evil human beings

C. keep machines from being harmed

D. avoid robots’ affecting the world

【4】What does the author think of the safety problem of super intelligent machines?

A. It will disappear with the development of AI.

B. It will get worse with human interference.

C. It will be solved but with difficulty.

D. It will stay for a decade.

Answer 1

【答案】

【1】A

【2】A

【3】D

【4】C

【解析】試題分析：本文主要介紹了人工智能，它會給我們的生活帶來什么樣的影響。

【1】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段The real problem relates to the possibility that artificial intelligence(AI) may become extremely good at achieving something other than what we really want.可知人工智能可能會出現(xiàn)的真正問題是AI會非常擅長取得某個成就而不是我們真正想要的東西，也就是說AI可能會超出人的控制去做一些事情，故選A。

【2】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段第一句A machine with a specific purpose has another quality, one that we usually associate with living things: a wish to preserve its own existence.可知，原因是保護它自己的存在的一種愿望，也就是說，它具有有生命的物體的一種品質(zhì)是因為它要保護自己不被破壞，繼續(xù)存在下去，故選A。

【3】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段using them to answer difficult questions but never allowing them to affect the real world.可知可以用防火墻來回答那些困難的問題但是卻永遠不要讓他們影響這個真正的現(xiàn)實世界，故選D。

【4】推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段Solving the safety problem well enough to move forward in AI seems to be possible but not easy.可知作者認為解決人工智能機器的安全問題是可能的，但是并不容易，也就是很困難，故選C。

[名師點睛]

推理判斷題屬于主觀題，是層次較高的題目。它包括判斷題和推理題。這兩類題常常相互依存，推理是為了作出正確的判斷，正確的判斷又依賴于合乎邏輯的推理。此類題要求在理解表面文字的基礎(chǔ)上，作出判斷和推論，從而得到文章的隱含意思和深層意思，也就是通過文章中的文字信息、上下文的邏輯關(guān)系及事物的發(fā)展變化等已知的信息，推斷出作者沒有直接表達的態(tài)度和觀點。

推理判斷題的解題方法 ：

推理判斷題不僅要求考生讀懂文章中的每個句子的意思還要推理它們之間的關(guān)系，結(jié)合自己的生活常識和經(jīng)驗，再通過邏輯推理和判斷，理解文章的言外之意，從而揭示文章的深層涵義。

任何一篇文章都有其特定的寫作目的，讀者需要知道如何去做或按照某種方式思考問題。推理判斷題的答案不可能在文章中直接找到，因此推理時我們務(wù)必要忠于原文，在文章中尋找并確定可推論的依據(jù)，即：已知部分－推論的前提，從中推測出未知部分－推理的結(jié)論，切忌妄加評論，把自己的觀點當成作者的觀點。