12.Sustainable development is applied to just about everything from energy to clean water and economic growth,and as a result it has become difficult to question either the basic assumptions behind it or the way the concept is put to use.This is especially true in agriculture,where sustainable development is often taken as the sole measure of progress without a proper appreciation of historical and cultural perspectives.
To start with,it is important to remember that the nature of agriculture has changed markedly throughout history,and will continue to do so.Medieval agriculture in northern Europe fed,clothed and sheltered a predominantly rural society with a much lower population density than it is today.It had minimal effect on biodiversity,and any pollution it brought about was typically localized.In terms of energy use and the nutrients captured in the product it was relatively inefficient.
Contrast this with farming since the start of the industrial revolution.Competition from overseas led farmers to specialize and increase yields.Throughout this period food became cheaper,safe and more reliable.However,these changes have also led to habitat loss and to diminishing biodiversity.
What's more,demand for animal products in developing countries is growing so fast that meeting it will require an extra 300million tons of grain a year by 2050,yet the growth of cities and industry is reducing the amount of water available for agriculture in many regions.
All this means that agriculture in the 21st century will have to be very different from how it was in the 20th.This will require complete thinking.For example,we need to move away from the idea that traditional practices are inevitably more sustainable than new ones.We also need to abandon the notion that agriculture can be"zero impact".The key will be to abandon the rather simple and static measures of sustainability,which centre on the need to maintain production without increasing damage.
Instead we need a more dynamic interpretation,one that looks at the pros and cons of all the various way land is used.There are many different ways to measure agricultural performance besides food yield:energy use,environmental costs,water purity,carbon footprint and biodiversity.It is clear,for example,that the carbon of transporting tomatoes from Spain to the UK is less than that of producing them in the UK with additional heating and lighting,but we do not know whether lower carbon footprints will always be better for biodiversity.
What is crucial is recognizing that sustainable agriculture is not just about sustainable food production.

57.How do people often measure progress in agriculture?C
A.By its productivity
B. By its impact on the environment
C.By its sustainability
D.By its contribution to economic growth
58.What does the author think of traditional farming practices?C
A.They have remained the same over the centuries
B.They have not kept pace with population growth
C.They are not necessarily sustainable
D.They are environmentally friendly
59.What will agriculture be like in the 21st century?A
A.It will go through radical changes
B.It will supply more animal products
C.It will abandon traditional farming practices
D.It will cause zero damage to the environment
60.What is the author's purpose in writing this passage?D
A.To remind people of the need of sustainable development
B.To suggest ways of ensuring sustainable food production
C.To advance new criteria for measuring farming progress
D.To urge people to rethink what sustainable agriculture is.

分析 本文主要寫了21世紀(jì)的農(nóng)業(yè)非常不同于20世紀(jì)的農(nóng)業(yè),通過事實說明讓人們意識到農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展并不僅僅是關(guān)于可持續(xù)的食物生產(chǎn).

解答 57.答案是C.細(xì)節(jié)理解題,根據(jù)文中句子where sustainable development is often taken as the sole measure of progress 可持續(xù)發(fā)展經(jīng)常被認(rèn)為是農(nóng)業(yè)進(jìn)步的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),所以答案選C.
58.答案是C.細(xì)節(jié)理解題.可以通過題干關(guān)鍵詞traditional farming practices定位在文章第五段第三行:we need to move away from the idea that traditional practices are inevitably more sustainable than new ones.意思是我們不能再認(rèn)為傳統(tǒng)耕作方式一定比新方式更具有可持續(xù)的特征.同義于C他們不一定是可持續(xù)的.所以答案選C.
59.答案是A.細(xì)節(jié)理解題.題干出現(xiàn)顯性關(guān)鍵詞in the 21st century,定位在文中第五段開頭,原文意思是:21世紀(jì)的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)和20世紀(jì)的截然不同,也就是說21世紀(jì)的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)將發(fā)生巨大的變化.第五段的第二句話提到要求我們radical thinking(徹底改變原有的想法),所以答案選A.
60.答案是D.主旨大意題.答案一般出自文章首段,而且本文從一開始就講述可持續(xù)發(fā)展(sustainable development),而且本文主要談?wù)摴I(yè)生產(chǎn)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展問題,從個文章最后一句 What is crucial is recognizing that sustainable agriculture is not just about sustainable food production.關(guān)鍵是意識到農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展并不僅僅是關(guān)于可持續(xù)的食物生產(chǎn).所以答案選D.

點評 閱讀理解題測試考生在閱讀基礎(chǔ)上的邏輯推理能力,要求考生根據(jù)文章所述事件的邏輯關(guān)系,對未說明的趨勢或結(jié)局作出合理的推斷;或根據(jù)作者所闡述的觀點理論,對文章未涉及的現(xiàn)象、事例給以解釋.考生首先要仔細(xì)閱讀短文,完整了解信息,準(zhǔn)確把握作者觀點.

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