Question

【題目】There are endless motivations for human behaviour, from the basic drives for food to more complicated ones, such as sympathy, envy and anger. But none of these explain behaviours that we call compulsions (強(qiáng)迫癥). They come from a need that is desperate and tortured (折磨). They may bring relief, but they bring little enjoyment, and while one part of our brain desperately wishes to stop them, another is afraid of stopping.

I used to view compulsions as foreign and almost frightening. But in the course of my research, two things happened. First, when I got to know people who were compulsive, their behaviour didn’t seem unreasonable at all. Second, I realized that although people with the most extreme compulsions seem like outliers (另類人), the anxiety that drives them to those extremes is universal.

Over any year, many of us find ourselves in the control of a compulsion that falls short of something that is disabling enough to qualify as a mental disorder — in fact, some compulsions are adaptive, helping us lead our lives or perform our jobs more effectively.

Like many people, maybe you feel forced to reach for your smart phone as soon as you wake up in the morning. Fortunately a growing number of experts have begun to succeed in distinguishing addictions from compulsions.

An addiction begins with a flash of pleasure accompanied with danger; it’s fun to gamble or to drink, and it also puts you at risk. Additions involve acting without planning or even thought, driven by an urge for immediate satisfaction. Compulsions, in contrast, are all about avoiding unpleasant outcomes. They are behaviours we repeat many times to relieve the anxiety brought on by the possibility of negative consequences. But the actual behaviour is often unpleasant — or at least not particularly rewarding, especially after many rounds of it.

Behind every compulsion is the need to avoid what causes you pain or anxiety. Compulsive behaviour is not necessarily a mental disorder. Some forms of it can be, and people in its control deserve to be diagnosed and helped. But many are expressions of psychological needs we all feel: to be at peace and in control, to feel connected and to matter. And if those are mental illnesses, we’re all crazy.

【1】From the first two paragraphs, we know that _____.

A. compulsions can bring relief as well as enjoyment

B. compulsive people will prefer unreasonable behaviour

C. compulsions may be an understandable response to anxiety

D. compulsive people must be frightening and behave differently

【2】The main difference between addictions and compulsions lies in _____.

A. human relationships B. financial rewards

C. internal drives D. social expectations

【3】What’s the author’s attitude towards compulsion?

A. Objective. B. Negative.

C. Doubtful. D. Cautious.

Answer 1

【答案】

【1】C

【2】C

【3】A

【解析】文章介紹了強(qiáng)迫癥的特點(diǎn)、原因以及作者對(duì)強(qiáng)迫癥的看法。

【1】推理判斷題。由第一段中的“none of these explain behaviours that we call compulsions (強(qiáng)迫癥).They come from a need that is desperate and tortured (折磨)”和第二段中的“…the anxiety that drives them to those extremes is universal”可知，強(qiáng)迫癥來自一種需求，這種需求是折磨人的，令人絕望的。這種需求焦慮感使他們患上強(qiáng)迫癥，也就是強(qiáng)迫癥是對(duì)焦慮的一種可理解的反應(yīng)。故C選項(xiàng)正確。

【2】推理判斷題。由倒數(shù)第三段可知，渴望立即的滿足感使得一個(gè)人很容易對(duì)某事物上癮（addition）。而強(qiáng)迫癥患者，他們反復(fù)的重復(fù)一個(gè)動(dòng)作，目的是避免令人不愉快的結(jié)果，緩解焦慮。由此可知，導(dǎo)致這兩種疾病的內(nèi)在原因不同。故C選項(xiàng)正確。

【3】觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。由最后一段中的“Compulsive behaviour is not necessarily a mental disorder…But many are expressions of psychological needs we all feel: to be at peace and in control, to feel connected and to matter. And if those are mental illnesses, we’re all crazy”可知，作者認(rèn)為強(qiáng)迫癥并不是一種疾病，不是精神混亂，只是人們渴望平和的心理需求。所以作者對(duì)強(qiáng)迫癥的看法是比較客觀的。A選項(xiàng)正確。