Question

Unlike chemists and physicists, who usually do their experiments using machines, biologists and medical researchers have to use living things like rats. But there are three Nobel prize-winning scientists who actually chose to experiment on themselves – all in the name of science, reported The Telegraph.

● Werner Forssmann (Nobel prize winner in 1956)

Forssmann was a German scientist. He studied how to put a pipe inside the heart to measure the pressure inside and decide whether a patient needs surgery (手術(shù)).

Experiments had been done on horses before, so he wanted to try with human patients. But it was not permitted because the experiment was considered too dangerous.

Not giving up, Forssmann decided to experiment on himself. He anaesthetized (麻醉) his own arm and made a cut, putting the pipe 30 centimeters into his vein (血管). He then climbed two floors to the X-ray room before pushing the pipe all the way into his heart.

● Barry Marshall (Nobel prize winner in 2005)

Most doctors in the mid-20th century believed that gastritis was down to stress, spicy food or an unusually large amount of stomach acid (胃酸). But in 1979 an Australian scientist named Robin Warren found that the disease might be related to a bacteria (細(xì)菌) called Helicobacter pylori. So he teamed up with his colleague, Barry Marshall, to continue the study. When their request to experiment on patients was denied, Marshall bravely drank some of the bacteria. Five days later, he lost his appetite and soon was vomiting (嘔吐) each morning – he indeed had gastritis.

● Ralph Steinman (Nobel prize winner in 2011)

This Canadian scientist discovered a new type of immune system cell (免疫細(xì)胞) called the dendritic cell. He believed that it had the ability to fight against cancer.

Steinman knew he couldn’t yet use his method to treat patients. So in 2007, when doctors told him that he had cancer and that it was unlikely for him to live longer than a year, he saw an opportunity.

With the help of his colleagues, he gave himself three different vaccines (疫苗) based on his research and a total of eight experimental therapies (療法). Even though Steinman eventually died from his cancer, he lived four and a half years, much longer than doctors had said he would.

1. The main purpose of the article is to ______.

A. list some famous Nobel prize winners.

B. introduce a few Nobel prize winners who did experiments on themselves.

C. describe some dangerous experiments that Nobel prize-winners did on themselves.

D. list some difficulties that scientists go through to make important discoveries in biology .

2. Which of the following is TRUE according to the article?

A. Forssmann’s experiment ended in failure.

B. Forssmann had the pipe pushed all the way into his heart.

C. Barry Marshall succeeded by drinking some Helicobacter pylori.

D. Barry Marshall was given full responsibility for the study on gastritis at first.

3. The underlined word “gastritis” in Paragraph 5 probably means ______.

A. a kind of stomach disease

B. a kind of immune cell

C. a new type of therapy

D. a type of leg cancer

4.From the text, we can conclude that Ralph Steinman ______.

A. had his request to experiment on patients denied

B. believed that cancer comes from stress and spicy food

C. discovered a new type of cancer cell called the dendritic cell

D. tried different therapies containing the dendritic cell on himself

Answer 1

1.B

2.C

3.A

4.D

【解析】

試題分析：文章主要介紹了三位諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)獲得者為了醫(yī)學(xué)研究，在自己身上做實(shí)驗(yàn)的事情。

1.

2.Forssmann的實(shí)驗(yàn)以失敗告終，文章沒(méi)有提及實(shí)驗(yàn)的失敗。由Forssmann下面的內(nèi)容最后一句He then climbed two floors to the X-ray room before pushing the pipe all the way into his heart.可知B項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。Marshall在喝下細(xì)菌之后五天后食欲不振，有嘔吐癥狀，感染了這種胃病。由此可知Marshall的實(shí)驗(yàn)成功了。故C項(xiàng)正確。Marshall提出在病人身上做實(shí)驗(yàn)被拒絕了，說(shuō)明他并沒(méi)有全權(quán)負(fù)責(zé)研究胃病的事情。故D錯(cuò)誤。故選C。

3.猜測(cè)詞義題。由gastritis所在句子Most doctors in the mid-20th century believed that gastritis was down to stress, spicy food or an unusually large amount of stomach acid (胃酸).可知此病與壓力，辛辣食物以及胃酸有關(guān)可知這個(gè)詞應(yīng)該指的是一種胃病。故選A。

4.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由Ralph Steinman下的內(nèi)容第二段第一句Steinman knew he couldn’t yet use his method to treat patients.可知Ralph Steinman并沒(méi)有要求在病人身上做實(shí)驗(yàn)。故A錯(cuò)誤。B選項(xiàng)文章沒(méi)有提及。

由本部分第一句This Canadian scientist discovered a new type of immune system cell (免疫細(xì)胞) called the dendritic cell.可知dendritic cell是一種免疫細(xì)胞。故C錯(cuò)誤。根據(jù)本部分最后一段第一句中he gave himself three different vaccines (疫苗) based on his research and a total of eight experimental therapies (療法).可知Ralph Steinman用了包括自己的研究方法在內(nèi)的不同療法。故選D。

考點(diǎn)：考查健康保健類(lèi)短文閱讀