4．Geography is an important tool for learning and understanding history．Geography affects history-just look at the changes in world geography over recent years．Governments change，and （41）Acountries were born．Many countries no longer have the same names they （42）Aeven five years ago．Climate changes （43）Aevents such as droughts（干旱） and floods that cause lots of loss of life and the movements of people from one place to another in search of（44）D．Environmental changes can change the entire （45）Bof a community or region．
As with history，children have a natural interest in（46）D．Watch a group of children playing in the sand．One child makes streets for his cars，（47）Aa second child builds houses along the（48）B．A third scoops out a hole and（49）Dthe dirt to make a hill，then pours water in the（50）Cto make a lake，using sticks for （51）B．The children name the streets，and（52）Cmay even use a watering can to make（53）Dthat washes away a house．They may not realize it，（54）Athese children are learning some core features（核心特征）of geography-how people interact with the Earth，how climate（55）Bland，and how places（56）Aeach other through the movement of things from one place to another．Turning to maps or globes，when we talk with our children about vacation plans，events（57）Baround the world or historical events，we teach them a great deal about geography．Not only can such activities help our children learn how to use key reference tools，（58）Aover time，they help them form their own mental maps of the world，which allows children to better organize and（59）Cinformation about other people，places，times and（60）D．Such activities also help our children learn to how to work together in the future．
41．A．newB．someC．manyD．old
42．A．didB．doC．a(chǎn)reD．have
43．A．bring aboutB．come aboutC．take placeD．happen
44．A．relativeB．safeC．helpD．safety
45．A．peopleB．historyC．natureD．housing
46．A．climateB．buildingC．environmentD．geography
47．A．whileB．butC．a(chǎn)ndD．so
48．A．pathsB．streetsC．railwayD．ways
49．A．makesB．createC．pullD．uses
50．A．houseB．streetC．holeD．hill
51．A．housesB．bridgesC．streetsD．road
52．A．weB．heC．theyD．workers
53．A．cloudyB．coverC．snowD．rain
54．A．butB．a(chǎn)ndC．yetD．still
55．A．effectsB．a(chǎn)ffectsC．a(chǎn)ffectD．influence
56．A．relate toB．concernedC．involvingD．refer to
57．A．to happenB．happeningC．happenD．happened
58．A．butB．a(chǎn)ndC．besidesD．so
59．A．writeB．readC．understandD．know
60．A．weatherB．historyC．climateD．events

分析 本文屬于說明文閱讀，作者通過這篇文章主要向我們描述了地理是學習和理解歷史的工具．

解答 41-45AAADB   46-50DABDC  51-55BCDAB   56-60ABACD
41．A．考查形容詞辨析．根據(jù)句意可知政府改變了，新的國家誕生了；故選A．
42．A．考查動詞辨析．did 在這里代替have又因為后面有過去的時間狀語所以用過去時；故選A．
43．A．考查動詞短語辨析．bring about引起；come about發(fā)生；take place發(fā)生；happen發(fā)生，根據(jù)后文events such as droughts（干旱） and floods 可知后面三者不跟賓語；故選A．
44．D．考查句意理解．人們遷徙的目的是尋找安全，又因為介詞短語后需用名詞；故選D．
45．B．考查名詞辨析． 由于人們的遷徙而改變了一個社區(qū)的歷史；故選B．
46．D．考查名詞辨析．根據(jù)下文"They may not realize it，but these children are learning some core features of geography-how people interact with the Earth，how climate affects land，and how places relate to each other through the movement of things from one place to another"這是學生對地理感興趣；故選D．
47．A．考查句意理解．這里表示前后是對比關(guān)系，只有while有這種用法；故選A．
48．B．考查名詞辨析．根據(jù)"One child makes streets for his cars"可知這里指沿著街道建造房子，故選B．
49．D．考查動詞辨析．根據(jù)make a hill可知這里是短語use sth to do用某物來做某事；故選D．
50．C．考查名詞辨析． 根據(jù)上文A third scoops out a hole和下文make a lake可知用泥土造一座山，講水倒在洞里；故選C．
51．B．考查名詞辨析．根據(jù)上文make a lake可以推知孩子們要修建橋，故選B．
52．C．考查名詞辨析．根據(jù)The children name the streets可知這里用代詞代替The children，故選C．
53．D．考查名詞辨析．根據(jù)后面的定語that washes away a house．可知是雨水，故選D．
54．A．考查連詞辨析．根據(jù)"They may not realize it"后面應(yīng)是轉(zhuǎn)折；故選A．  
55．B．考查名詞辨析．根據(jù)"how people interact with the Earth"，相互影響，故選B．
56．A．考查動詞辨析．通過地球的運動各個地方之間有關(guān)聯(lián)；故選A．
57．B．考查動詞辨析．因為這里需用非謂語動詞，events 和happen 只能用主動，happen沒有被動形式，現(xiàn)在分詞表主動，故選B．
58．A．考查連詞辨析．根據(jù)"Not only can such activities help our children learn how to use key reference tools"not only…but（ also）對應(yīng)的連詞；故選A．
59．C．考查動詞辨析．只有理解了才能更好的去組織整理信息；故選C．
60．D．考查名詞辨析．根據(jù)Such activities also help our children learn to how to work together in the future"可知這可以幫助孩子更好的理解和組織其他的信息，地點時間和時間；故選D．

點評 考察學生的推理判斷能力和聯(lián)系上下文的能力，在做推理判斷題不要以個人的主觀想象代替文章的事實，要根據(jù)文章事實進行合乎邏輯的推理判斷．此類的填空題一定要聯(lián)系上下文，根據(jù)上下文的內(nèi)容加上自己的理解，再作出正確的判斷

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Kids can also talk to grown-ups about（45）A．Ask what the last good movie they saw was，because people at dinner parties"（46）B"when the conversation turns to movies，Ursiny says．If a grown-up is（47）CHarry Potter，it's OK to talk about your love for Harry．It's a（n） （48）A topic，one that both grown-ups and kids can enjoy，so（49）Cand talk about whether Dumbledore is really dead．
But（50）Bthe topic of video games．"Adults don't want to hear about your video game  （51）B they play it，"Ursiny explains．
Adults also don't want to hear slang（俚語）．Don't use language they don't （52）C．Ursiny says kids should learn to speak to other people in their own language．（53）Amost adults aren't into slang，they do remember what it was like to be a kid．Ursiny recommends asking adults what（54）B was like when they were your age．"It might be a fun discussion if you （55）Byour 10th-grade experience with theirs．"（56）Ayou chat with your parents in advance to find out which topics are off-limits （禁區(qū)）．
Also，don't chat about the things that make your parents feel guilty．Don't mention （57）Cstuff such as how Dad has been sleeping on the couch，Ursiny says．And don't complain that Mom has been late preparing breakfast．
（58）B，Ursiny says，kids should try to put themselves in their parents'（59）A．Learning how to（60）Dthat type of understanding might help you out in the future．"The most successful people can develop a sympathetic feeling for others，"he says．

41．A．exactB．seriousC．unfortunateD．wrong
42．A．everythingB．somethingC．a(chǎn)nythingD．nothing
43．A．howB．whateverC．whyD．when
44．A．importantB．interestingC．hardD．easy
45．A．moviesB．mealsC．partiesD．hobbies
46．A．look upB．light upC．make upD．keep up
47．A．inB．onC．intoD．onto
48．A．safeB．specialC．helpfulD．general
49．A．hold outB．walk outC．go aheadD．turn around
50．A．neglectB．a(chǎn)voidC．preventD．ignore
51．A．whenB．unlessC．butD．because
52．A．believeB．a(chǎn)cceptC．understandD．a(chǎn)gree
53．A．WhileB．AsC．IfD．Since
54．A．familyB．schoolC．societyD．nature
55．A．showB．compareC．balanceD．match
56．A．Make sureB．Pay attentionC．Watch outD．Take care
57．A．incredibleB．terribleC．embarrassingD．personal
58．A．HoweverB．InsteadC．ThereforeD．Yet
59．A．shoesB．clothesC．conditionD．location
60．A．produceB．shapeC．raiseD．develop

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