【題目】 Using natural and organic products for skincare is increasingly popular-and that includes suncream. Many websites, including Pinterest and Instagram, feature users' recipes for homemade suncream. Judging from the comment, the rise in interest for homemade suncream is because some people fear the chemicals in shop-bought suncream and believe that natural products mixed at home will be better at protecting them from the sun's harmful rays. The fear originates from recent news that some suncream elements seem to disturb hormones (荷爾蒙).

Many of the homemade suncream recipes contain elements like shea butter and cocoa butter as well as coconut and vitamin E oils. The sun protection factor (SPF) values for these elements, according to the authors of these recipes, are between four and six. These SPF values, if true, are not enough to protect the skin against the harmful effects of sunlight. Some recipes include carrot seed essential oil, which the authors claim to have an SPF of 35-40. But this is unlikely, given the small amount used in these recipes. The European Commission recommended SPF factor for moderate skin protection is 15-29 (and 30-50+ for high protection).

The sun's most harmful rays are ultraviolet (UV) radiation-notably UVB and UVA radiation. UVB has a shorter wavelength and doesn't go far into the skin, but it is very dangerous as it can change the DNA in skin cells and cause skin cancer. UVA has a longer wave- length and can go much deeper into the skin. UVA can cause harmful reactive oxygen molecules (分子)called “free radicals” to form. These molecules can damage fat, protein and DNA in the skin, thereby weakening the normal function of skin cells.

Shop-bought suncream contains approved UV-blocking molecules that block UVA and UVB rays. Zinc oxide (氧化鋅)is one of these UV-blocking materials. It has been extensively tested to determine the most effective size for blocking harmful rays. It is not clear whether the zinc oxide powder recommended for the homemade recipes meets with the recommended size or proportion needed.

【1】What may concern consumers of the shop-bought suncream?

A.The price of it.B.The hormones in it.

C.The chemicals in it.D.The production process of it.

【2】What are SPF values used for?

A.Measuring the amount of chemicals in suncream.

B.Measuring the harm suncream do to people.

C.Measuring the hormone level of suncream.

D.Measuring the protective effect of suncream.

【3】What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about?

A.How sun protection products work.

B.What harm the sun's rays bring to skin.

C.How the sun's most harmful rays form.

D.How UVB and UVA radiation can be blocked.

【4】What can be inferred from the last paragraph?

A.Shop-bought suncream needs more tests.

B.More zinc oxide powder is beneficial to skin.

C.Shop-bought suncream is more suitable for people.

D.More chemicals will be added into shop-bought suncream.

【答案】

【1】C

【2】D

【3】B

【4】C

【解析】

本文為議論文。使用天然和有機(jī)產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行護(hù)膚越來(lái)越受歡迎，其中包括防曬霜。有人自制防曬霜，認(rèn)為能更好地保護(hù)自己免受陽(yáng)光的傷害，其實(shí)商店買的防曬霜經(jīng)過(guò)證明對(duì)人體沒(méi)有傷害，阻止紫外線更有效。

【1】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“some people fear the chemicals in shop-bought suncream”一些人擔(dān)心商店里購(gòu)買的防曬霜中含有的化學(xué)物質(zhì)，由此可知消費(fèi)者擔(dān)心在商店買的防曬霜里含有化學(xué)物質(zhì)，故選C。

【2】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段“The sun protection factor (SPF) values for these elements, according to the authors of these recipes, are between four and six. These SPF values, if true, are not enough to protect the skin against the harmful effects of sunlight.... The European Commission recommended SPF factor for moderate skin protection is 15-29 (and 30-50+ for high protection).”這些成分的防曬系數(shù)(SPF)值在4到6之間。這些SPF值，如果是真的，不足以保護(hù)皮膚免受陽(yáng)光的傷害。歐盟委員會(huì)建議中等皮膚保護(hù)的SPF系數(shù)為15-29（高保護(hù)的SPF系數(shù)為30-50+）可知，SPF為防曬系數(shù)，主要是測(cè)量防曬霜的保護(hù)效果。故選D。

【3】主旨大意題。根據(jù)第三段“The sun's most harmful rays are ultraviolet (UV) radiation-notably UVB and UVA radiation. UVB has a shorter wavelength and doesn't go far into the skin, but it is very dangerous as it can change the DNA in skin cells and cause skin cancer. UVA has a longer wave- length and can go much deeper into the skin. UVA can cause harmful reactive oxygen molecules (分子)called “free radicals” to form. These molecules can damage fat, protein and DNA in the skin, thereby weakening the normal function of skin cells.” 太陽(yáng)最有害的射線是紫外線（UV）輻射，特別是UVB和UVA輻射。UVB波長(zhǎng)較短，不會(huì)深入皮膚，但它會(huì)改變皮膚細(xì)胞中的DNA，導(dǎo)致皮膚癌，因此非常危險(xiǎn)。紫外線波長(zhǎng)較長(zhǎng)，可以深入皮膚。UVA可以導(dǎo)致有害的活性氧分子的形成。這些分子會(huì)破壞皮膚中的脂肪、蛋白質(zhì)和DNA，從而削弱皮膚細(xì)胞的正常功能。由此可推斷出本段主要敘述了太陽(yáng)對(duì)皮膚的危害。故選B。

【4】推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“Shop-bought suncream contains approved UV-blocking molecules that block UVA and UVB rays. Zinc oxide (氧化鋅)is one of these UV-blocking materials. It has been extensively tested to determine the most effective size for blocking harmful rays” 商店購(gòu)買的防曬霜含有經(jīng)過(guò)批準(zhǔn)的防紫外線分子，可以阻擋UVA和UVB射線。氧化鋅是其中的一種防紫外線材料。它已被廣泛測(cè)試，證實(shí)在阻擋有害射線方面最有效。可推斷出在商店買的防曬霜更適合人們。故選C。

推理判斷試題屬于高層次閱讀理解題。這種題型包括判斷題和推理題。這兩類題常常相互依存，推理是為了得出正確的判斷，正確的判斷又依賴于合乎邏輯的推理。第2小題為推理判斷題，根據(jù)第二段“The sun protection factor (SPF) values for these elements, according to the authors of these recipes, are between four and six. These SPF values, if true, are not enough to protect the skin against the harmful effects of sunlight.... The European Commission recommended SPF factor for moderate skin protection is 15-29 (and 30-50+ for high protection).”這些成分的防曬系數(shù)(SPF)值在4到6之間。這些SPF值，如果是真的，不足以保護(hù)皮膚免受陽(yáng)光的傷害。歐盟委員會(huì)建議中等皮膚保護(hù)的SPF系數(shù)為15-29（高保護(hù)的SPF系數(shù)為30-50+）可知，SPF為防曬系數(shù)，主要是測(cè)量防曬霜的保護(hù)效果。故選D。

根據(jù)事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)，才能推斷出合理信息。推理題要求在理解原文表面文字信息的基礎(chǔ)上，作出一定判斷和推論，從而得到文章的隱含意義和深層意義。推理題所涉及的內(nèi)容可能是文中某一句話，也可是某幾句話，但做題的指導(dǎo)思想都是以文字信息為依據(jù)，既不能做出在原文中找不到文字根據(jù)的推理，也不能根據(jù)表面文字信息做多步推理。也就是說(shuō)，要做到判斷有據(jù), 推論有理, 忠實(shí)原文。切忌用自己的觀點(diǎn)代替作者的本意，切忌片面思考，得出片面結(jié)論。

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