Question

【題目】請認真閱讀下列短文，并根據(jù)所讀內(nèi)容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一個最恰當?shù)膯卧~。注意：每個空格只填1個單詞。請將答案寫在答題卡上相應題號的橫線上。

Potential energy is the energy, chemical or physical, stored within an object, atom or molecule（分子）. Think about a car at the top of a roller-coaster （過山車）, pausing just before it slopes into the next turn. A log resting in a fireplace just before it is about to be lit is a treasure house of potential energy. As the log burns, the connections between carbon atoms that make up the wood are being broken down, and the potential energy stored within those connections is being released as heat and light. As a comet approaches a planet or star, it slows, momentarily affected by the larger body’s gravity. The potential energy builds up and then reaches a breaking point as the comet accelerates around the larger body, and is shot out to the other side.

Sports show countless examples every day of potential energy being transformed into kinetic energy. Kinetic energy is the energy of movement. When an archer（弓箭手）draws and holds her arrow, her bow is filled with stored potential energy. When she releases the bowstring, all the potential energy is quickly transformed into kinetic energy, which is transferred to the arrow that takes flight.

The transformation of stored potential energy into kinetic energy can also be made use of to power homes, factories and entire cities. The most notable example is the Hoover Dam. The Hoover Dam is an arch-gravity dam by design. This design name is the first clue as to how exactly the dam makes use of energy. Located in the Black Canyon of the Colorado River, the Hoover Dam formed, and now holds back Lake Mead — the largest reservoir in the United States.

Gravity acts as a force upon Lake Mead. Held at bay by the Hoover Dam, the waters of Lake Mead and the Colorado River gain greater potential energy with each passing moment. The Arizona and Nevada spillways（溢洪道）are two means by which the waters of Lake Mead can escape the dam. As the lake water falls over the walls into a spillway, potential energy is instantly transformed into kinetic energy. The channels through which the water normally escapes every day are the four intake towers. These towers allow the water flow through passageways to the powerhouse and hydroelectric generators. When the water reaches the intake towers and is allowed to flow down through the passageways, all the stored potential energy created by the force of gravity acting upon the water is transformed into kinetic energy, just as when water flows over the wall into a spillway. By taking advantage of the transformed potential energy of Lake Mead, the Hoover Dam provides power to California, Nevada and Arizona.

Moments like these happen all across the physical world, whether on the molecular or universe level.

Main points	Supporting details
What is potential energy?	Potential energy is the energy existing either in the chemical or physical 【1】, which is stored in an object. When a car is sloping into the next turn from the top of a roller-coaster, it is building up potential energy. When a log is burning, the connections between carbon atoms are being broken down, 【2】 potential energy as light and heat. When a comet approaches a planet or star, the potential energy 【3】 to a breaking point and then the comet is shot out to the other side.
How is potential energy transformed into kinetic energy?	Potential energy can be transformed into kinetic energy, which is the energy【4】 by movement. When the bowstring is released by an archer, the potential energy stored in the full bow is quickly transferred to the arrow, thus transformed into kinetic energy which sets the arrow 【5】 far away. Hoover Dam is the most notable example of energy transformation. Hoover Dam is 【6】 in the Black Canyon of the Colorado River, holding back Lake Mead. The waters of Lake Mead escape the Dam, falling over the walls into Arizona and Nevada spillways, leading to the 【7】 transformation from potential energy into kinetic energy. The 【8】 of potential energy is from the force of gravity acting upon the water
What 【9】 is the energy transformation made of?	Homes, factories and cities are efficiently 【10】 thanks to the powerhouses and hydroelectric generators taking advantage of the transformed potential energy.

Answer 1

【答案】

【1】form/state

【2】releasing

【3】accumulates

【4】produced / generated / created

【5】flying

【6】located/situated

【7】instant

【8】creation / formation

【9】use

【10】powered

【解析】

這是一篇說明文。勢能是儲存在物體、原子或分子中的化學或物理能量。這樣的時刻在整個物質(zhì)世界都有發(fā)生，無論是在分子層面還是在宇宙層面。

【1】

考查名詞。根據(jù)第一段第一句Potential energy is the energy, chemical or physical, stored within an object, atom or molecule（分子）.“勢能是儲存在物體、原子或分子中的化學或物理能量�！笨芍�，勢能是以化學或物理形式存在于物體中的能量。故填form/state。

【2】

考查現(xiàn)在分詞作伴隨狀語。根據(jù)第一段中As the log burns, the connections between carbon atoms that make up the wood are being broken down, and the potential energy stored within those connections is being released as heat and light.“當木頭燃燒時，構(gòu)成木頭的碳原子之間的連接被分解，在這些連接中儲存的勢能被釋放為熱量和光�！笨芍�，當原木燃燒時，碳原子之間的連接被打破，釋放出以光和熱形式存在的勢能。邏輯主語 log與release之間為主動關(guān)系，所以用現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語。故填releasing。

【3】

考查動詞。根據(jù)第一段最后一句The potential energy builds up and then reaches a breaking point as the comet accelerates around the larger body, and is shot out to the other side.“當彗星繞著更大的星體加速時，它的勢能逐漸增加，并達到一個斷裂點，然后被拋向另一邊�！笨芍�，當一顆彗星接近一顆行星或恒星時，其勢能會累積到一個臨界點，然后彗星就會被發(fā)射到另一邊。故填accumulates。

【4】

考查過去分詞作后置定語。根據(jù)第二段中Sports show countless examples every day of potential energy being transformed into kinetic energy. Kinetic energy is the energy of movement.“體育表演每天都有無數(shù)的勢能轉(zhuǎn)化為動能的例子。動能是運動的能量�！笨芍�，勢能可以轉(zhuǎn)化為動能，動能是運動產(chǎn)生的能量。名詞energy與動詞produce / generate / create之間為被動關(guān)系，所以用過去分詞作后置定語。故填produced / generated / created。

【5】

考查現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補足語。根據(jù)第二段中When an archer（弓箭手）draws and holds her arrow, her bow is filled with stored potential energy.“當弓箭手拉起并握住她的箭時，她的弓充滿了儲存的勢能�！笨芍�，當弓箭手釋放弓弦時，儲存在滿弓上的勢能迅速轉(zhuǎn)移到箭上，轉(zhuǎn)化為動能，使箭飛得很遠。名詞 arrow與動詞fly之間為主動關(guān)系，所以用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補足語。故填flying。

【6】

考查固定搭配。根據(jù)第三段最后一句Located in the Black Canyon of the Colorado River, the Hoover Dam formed, and now holds back Lake Mead — the largest reservoir in the United States.“胡佛水壩位于科羅拉多河的黑峽谷，現(xiàn)在它擋住了美國最大的水庫米德湖�！笨芍�，胡佛水壩位于科羅拉多河的黑峽谷，擋住了米德湖。短語be located/situated in坐落于。故填located/situated。

【7】

考查形容詞。根據(jù)第四段中As the lake water falls over the walls into a spillway, potential energy is instantly transformed into kinetic energy. “當湖水越過堤壩進入泄洪道時，勢能立即轉(zhuǎn)化為動能�！笨芍�，米德湖的水從大壩流出，越過堤壩進入亞利桑那州和內(nèi)華達州的泄洪道，導致了從勢能到動能的瞬間轉(zhuǎn)換。故填instant。

【8】

考查名詞。根據(jù)第四段中When the water reaches the intake towers and is allowed to flow down through the passageways, all the stored potential energy created by the force of gravity acting upon the water is transformed into kinetic energy, just as when water flows over the wall into a spillway.“當水到達進水塔，并允許通過通道向下流動時，所有由重力作用在水上產(chǎn)生的儲存的勢能都轉(zhuǎn)化為動能，就像水流過墻變成泄洪道一樣�！笨芍�，勢能的產(chǎn)生是由于作用在水上的重力。故填creation / formation。

【9】

考查固定詞組。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中By taking advantage of the transformed potential energy of Lake Mead, the Hoover Dam provides power to California, Nevada and Arizona.“通過利用米德湖轉(zhuǎn)化的勢能，胡佛大壩為加利福尼亞州、內(nèi)華達州和亞利桑那州提供電力�！笨芍�，能量轉(zhuǎn)換有什么用?固定詞組：take advantage of利用；make use of利用。故填use。

【10】

考查一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中By taking advantage of the transformed potential energy of Lake Mead, the Hoover Dam provides power to California, Nevada and Arizona.“通過利用米德湖轉(zhuǎn)化的勢能，胡佛大壩為加利福尼亞州、內(nèi)華達州和亞利桑那州提供電力。”可知，由于發(fā)電廠和水力發(fā)電機利用了轉(zhuǎn)化后的潛在能量，家庭、工廠和城市能夠有效地獲得電力。故填powered。