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銀川一中2008/2009學(xué)年度(下)高一期中考試

地 理 試 卷

  命題教師許霞

試題詳情

邢臺市2009年高三年級模擬考試

語 文 試 題

說明:

試題詳情

浙江省金麗衢十二校2009年高三聯(lián)考

理科綜合能力測試卷

本試卷分第Ⅰ卷(選擇題)和第Ⅱ卷(非選擇題)兩部分。滿分300分,考試時間150分鐘。

相對原子質(zhì)量H:1 C1:2  O:16  S:32  Na:23 K:39  Fe:56  Cu:64

第I卷(選擇題 126分)

試題詳情

邢臺市2009年高三年級模擬考試

英  語  試  題

注意事項(xiàng):

1.本試卷分第Ⅰ卷(選擇題)和第Ⅱ卷(非選擇題)兩部分,總分150分,考試時間120分鐘。

2.答卷前,考生務(wù)必將自己的姓名等信息按要求填在答題卡指定位置。

3.選擇題每小題選出答案后,涂在答題卡對應(yīng)位置,答在試題卷上無效。

4.非選擇題用0.5毫米的黑色墨水簽字筆或黑色水鋼筆直接答在答題卡上每題對應(yīng)的答題區(qū)域內(nèi),答在試題卷上無效?荚嚱Y(jié)束后,只上交答題卡。

第Ⅰ卷(選擇題,共95分)

第一部分  英語知識運(yùn)用(滿分50分)

第一節(jié)       語音知識(每小題1分,滿分5分)

從A、B、C、D四個選項(xiàng)中,找出其劃線部分與所給單詞的劃線部分讀音相同的選項(xiàng),并在答題卡上將該項(xiàng)涂黑。

例:have       A.gave       B.save      C.hat          D.made(答案是C)

1.breathe     A.wealth     B.worthy    C.through      D.theme

2.village      A.necklace   B.bathe     C.entrance     D.operate

3.bank       A.noodle     B.dining     C.blanket      D.plain

4.heat       A.creation    B.mean     C.measure     D.break

5.shock      A.pollution   B.lose       C.total        D.possible

第二節(jié)  語法和詞匯知識(每小題1分,滿分15分)

從A、B、C、D四個選項(xiàng)中,選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng),并在答題卡上將該項(xiàng)涂黑。

例:It is generally considered unwise to give a child    he or she wants.(答案是B)

A.however    B.whatever    C.whichever   D.whenever

6.―Sorry to have kept you waiting for so long.

   ―Oh,          

A.got if      B.go ahead    C.that's life    D.don't say that

7.On May 12,2008,earthquake shook Wenchuan,    city in Sichuan Province.

A.a(chǎn)n;a      B.the;the    C.a(chǎn)n;the    D./;the

8.―We       to put off our school sports meet until next month.

―I          that.

A.decided;didn't expect         B.haven't decided;haven't expected

C.have decided;didn't expect    D.decide;haven't expected

9.Don't worry,sir! All payments       be made by the end d the month.

A.ought      B.shall      C.can       D.must

10.I can't spare any ink for you,for,you see,I have       myself.

A.nothing    B.no one    C.no        D.none

11.The managers of the Human Resource Department find Tom      for the job,    skills and patience.

A.didn't fit;which calls for         B.unfit;which calls for

C.unfit;who lack                 D.didn't fit;who lack

12.      contributes to good health is a balanced diet and regular exercise.

A.As           B.How         C.What          D.That

13.She became an actress in her teens but it was nearly 20 years    she became famous.

A.a(chǎn)fter        B.before       C.when           D.since

14.I'm trying to be the kind of teacher that the students will       

A.look up to    B.live up to    C.watch out for    D.put up with

15.I would have told you the news,but I       too busy.

A.had been    B.were        C.have been       D.was

16.The picture of my lovely son       memories of my childhood.

A.called up    B.turned up    C.called on        D.reminded

17.     student you are,you can't work out the problem in such a short time.

A.Whatever clever  B.However clever C.However clever a D.Whatever clever a

18.      your composition carefully,some common mistakes can he avoided.

A.Having checked   B.Check    C.If you check    D.Checking

19.―What do you think made John so unhappy all those days?

 ―        the entrance examination.

A.Because he failed  B.That he failed    C.She failed   D.Because of failing

20.The roles the women are        in society are greater and greater.

A.taking    B.working    C.reaching     D.playing

第三節(jié)  完形填空(每小題1.5分,滿分30分)

閱讀下面短文,從短文后所給各題的四個選項(xiàng)(A、B、C和D)中,選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng),并在答題卡上將該項(xiàng)涂黑。

In 10th grade,the pressure to do well made me feel frightened.Everyone was  21  test scores and papers.I began to feel totally  22  about my ability.I felt like everyone was   23  than me,and if I didn't    24  better than okay,I'd never get into college.

Two weeks before the end of year,the finals schedule was   25   .I fell into a kind of crazy mode(情緒).I decided the    26  to success would be to stay up every night and   27  everything I hadn't learned during the term.

But I fell  28  instead.

I tried to study,but I was so seared of   29  and I drank many cups of coffee. When I went to school during the day I was too   30   of trying to remember algebraic formulas(代數(shù)公式)and important dates.

One morning,my friend Andrea   31  I was sleeping in class and  told me I should  32  diet pills(減肥藥)to stay   33   .She gave me some.

After a week,I became a complete mess. When the last exam was   34  ,I started walking home in a daze(恍惚).When I finally got home,I   35  for 17 hours.

By some miracle(奇跡), I   36   all my exams.I guess I paid more   37  in class than I'd thought.I wish I could say I studied really hard and got   38   scores after that,but I didn't.Although I   39   took pills again to study,learning to deal with   40   well is something I'm still working on today.

21.A.preparing    B.comparing    C.talking       D.practicing

22.A.excited      B.sorry        C.nervous       D.confident

23.A.faster       B.harder       C.stronger      D.smarter

24.A.do           B.feel          C.work          D.get

25.A.delayed      B.delivered     C.a(chǎn)ppeared      D.posted

26.A.a(chǎn)nswer       B.cause        C.reason        D.purpose

27.A.write        B.memorize     C.recite        D.question

28.A.impatient    B.ill            C.relaxed      D.a(chǎn)sleep

29.A.studying     B.learning      C.failing        D.trying

30.A.tired       B.a(chǎn)fraid         C.proud        D.busy

31.A.realized    B.watched       C.noticed      D.learned

32.A.try         B.eat           C.buy          D.use

33.A.calm        B.a(chǎn)wake       C.healthy      D.quiet

34.A.up          B.over        C.due          D.on

35.A.played      B.worked     C.stayed       D.slept

36.A.failed      B.saved       C.did          D.passed

37.A.money     B.time        C.a(chǎn)ttention    D.energy

38.A.first       B.many       C.high         D.low

39.A.a(chǎn)lways     B.never      C.still         D.just

40.A.pressure   B.lessons     C.pills         D.tests

第二部分  閱讀理解(滿分45分)

第一節(jié)(每小題2分,共40分)閱讀下列短文,從每題所給的四個選項(xiàng)(A、B、C和D)中,選出最佳選項(xiàng),并在答題卡上將該項(xiàng)涂黑。

A

When today's moms and dads were kids,exploring nature meant creating an ant  farm or making a mud pie.But with hot topics like environment,green and organic,today's little kids will need to become little environmentalists.It's time to get started in the backyard.

“Nature Discovery in My Backyard”is the first book in a series of children's books by The Little Environmentalists.LLC.The book is written for preschoolers and early readers. This picture book follows a little girl discovering what everyone sees,when they stop to look and smell the roses.A falling leaf,a beautiful flower or grass under feet become nature lessons.

“Children will smell,hear,feel and see their way through their own backyard nature discovery,”explains Rebecca Mattano,creator of “The Little Environmentalists”.“Each page gives a new and special look into nature with  colorful pictures.It not only teaches but challenges children to find all that nature shows.”

To help parents and educators with their“green”lessons,the book gives tips on nature for every season of the year.Interesting educational facts on plants and animals are introduced in the back of the book.How many adults can name the animal family that the groundhog(土撥鼠)is in? You might be surprised to learn that it's the squirrel family.

The groundhog digs its home underground.They dig about 700 pounds of soil out of the ground when they are making their homes and can finish this in one day.They are in the squirrel family.

“My hope is for these books to build environmental knowledge,”adds Mattano.

The book introduces plenty of easy-to-do outdoor activities led by teachers and parents.

41.“The Little Environmentalists”may be     

A.children who love nature.               B.a(chǎn) company that publishes books.

C.a(chǎn)n organization which cares for environment.

D.the name of a series of children's books.

42.Which of the following sentences describing the book is Not true?

A.Each page of the book is offered colorful pictures.

B.You can learn a lot about plants and animals by the facts in the back of the book.

C.The book can help children to get close to every season of the year.

D.teachers and parents can not learn a variety of outdoor activities from the book

43.The author wrote the passage in order to       

A.help teenagers to find the beauty of nature. 

B.teach children environmental knowledge.

C.introduce Nature Discovery in My Backyard      

D.give a new and special look into nature.

44.In which part will you probably find the passage in a newspaper?

A.Book Review  B.Animal World    C.Stories    D.Activities

B

Susan Dahl had spent four months homeless in Colorado and just been on a painful 10-hour bus trip through ice and snow.Hungry and broke,she was anxious to get back to family in Minnesota.That's when a tall man in a red coat and red hat sat next to her at the downtown bus station,talked to her quietly and then gave her $100 on that December afternoon.The man was doing the work of Larry Stewart,Kansas City's original Secret Santa who wandered city streets handing out $100 bills to those who looked like they needed money.Stewart died of cancer at the age 58 earlier this year,but his spirit lives on.“Here's a $100 bill … and this is in memory of Larry Stewart,”said Dahl,56.

During about a quarter century, Stewart quietly gave out more than $1.3 million to people in streets,restaurants,bus stations,shelters and markets,saying it was his way of giving back at Christmas for all the wealth and generosity(慷慨)he had received in his lifetime.For years,Stewart did not want his name known or want thanks,but last December he acknowledged who he was and used his last few months while  battling cancer to press his message of kindness toward others.He even trained some friends in the ways of Secret Santa.This Christmas,a friend who told Stewart in the hospital that he would carry on for him is out on the streets,handing out $100 bills,each one stamped with“Larry Steward,Secret Santa”Between Kansas City and several other cities this Christmas,the new Secret Santa will give away $75,000 of his own money,mostly in $100 bills.

“I didn't want to be a Secret Santa,”said the man,a businessman who lives in the Kansas City area.“I wanted to give Larry money.But last year he said I had to hand it out myself.So I did and got hooked.Anyone can be Secret Santa,”he says.“You don't have to give away $100.You can give away kindness.Help someone.”

45.We can learn from the passage that Larry Stewart        

A.lived in Kansas city of the US    B.gave away $1,300,000 openly

C.died of heart attack in hospital  D.was fifty-six years old this year

46.The underlined word“broke”in Paragraph 1 probably means      

A.very tired    B.having no clothes   C.having no money   D.not feeling well

47.why did Larry Stewart's friend hand out $100 bill in the street?

A.He wanted to be a Secret Santa         B.Larry Stewart asked him to do so

C. He was a very rich businessman        D.He wanted to thank Stewart

48.Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?

A.Secret Santa’s spirit lives on           B.Help anyone who is in trouble

C.give $ 100 to whoever wants it.         D.The gift from Santa.

C

In most situations ,light helps us see. But when it comes to looking at the night sky, light is actually a kind of pollution.

It stops us from seeing some of life’s most beautiful sights:stars,planets, and even galaxies(星系).”When I was a little boy , I loved the night sky,” recalls Robert Gent of the International Dark-Sky Association, an organization working to reduce light pollution.

“I remember looking up and the sky was full of stars ,and I asked , ‘How many are there? How far away are they? Can we visit them? ’ I became an astronomer because I was amazed by their beauty, ”he says .” Now in most big cities kids can’t see the stars like I did.”

Normally ,about2,500 stars can be seen by the human eyes without using any special equipment. But because of light pollution,today you actually see just 200 to 300 from suburbs, and fewer than 12 from cities.

Fortunately, there is a solution that is inexpensive and has benefits right away , says Gent. “If we shine lights down at the ground instead of up into the sky , and use lower brightness levels , we can save enormous amounts of energy and enjoy the beauty of the night skies.”

Many cities and towns have passed laws limiting lights at night ,making sure of enough shine for safety without creating a lot of light pollution.

Light pollution does harm to more than our view of the heavens. Research shows that lots of nighttime light can harm wildlife.

Migrating birds(候鳥)sometimes fly over cities and become confused by the brightness, flying in circles until they drop from extreme tiredness. Sea turtles need dark beaches for nesting and won’t nest near bright lights. Too much light at night may even affect human health, scientists are still learning more.

For all these reasons ,researchers are working on ways to use lights only when and where they are truly needed.

49.Today, people can't see the stars like before exactly they can see ______stars now.

A.a(chǎn)bout 2,500     B.just 200     C.less than 300      D.fewer than 12

50.We can infer from the passage that ________

A.light pollution has few bad effects on wildlife

B.too much lights will destroy sea turtle’s nests

C.kids now have less imagination towards the skies than their fathers.

D.shining the lights up into skies is a good way to solve the light pollution.

51.Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the passage?

A.Robert Gent showed great interest in the skies full of stars , which made him become an astronomer.

B.With more harm found in the future , there is still a long way fight against light pollution.

C.The International Dark-Sky Association is aimed at reducing light pollution.

D.Laws limiting lights at night have passed and saved light pollution successfully.

D

Make a five-minute film and win!

Do you love the summer holidays but hate being bored? Then why don’t you enter the Film Street Summer Shorts Competition by making a short film this summer with your family and friends?

What you have to do

To enter the competition, you have to make a short film that is around 5 minutes long (It can be shorter but not longer!) on a digital camera, or mobile phone.

Awards

The best short film entered into our competition will be shown in Film Street’s Cinema and you’ll win a Cineworld Cinemas pass for yourself and three more for other members of your filmmaking crew(演職員). If you have a Cineworld Cinema pass, you can watch as many films as you like for a year, for free, at any Cineworld Cinema!

Rules

◆We can't show films that tell others about either your, or any other kid’s name or address.

◆We can't show films that hurt , harm or insult(侮辱)other people.

◆We can't show films that have bad language.

Copyright checklist(版權(quán)清單)

Getting permission to use someone else’s work in your film can be expensive, so check your film to make sure that:

◆Your film is original and you haven’t copied someone else.

◆There are no scenes of branding(商標(biāo))on shop sights, books , magazines or CDs.

◆There are no scenes of someone else’s artwork.

Address and Date

Post your finished film on tape, CD or DVD by Monday ,October 1st ,2007 to:

Film Street Summer Shorts Competition

First Light Movies

Unit 6 , Third Floor , The Bond 

180-182 Fazeley Street

Birmingham

B5 5SE

So what's stopping you? Start making your Film Street Summer short now!

52.Who is the passage written for?

A.Children.       B.Parents.     C.Teachers      D.Actors.

53.How many Cineworld Cinemas passes will the winner of the competition be awarded in all?

A.One         B.Two           C.Three          D.Four

54.From the third paragraph we can learn that ________

A.the winner's short film can be shown in any cinema

B.the competition is held by Cineworld Cinemas

C.the winner can watch films for free for one year at any Cineworld Cinema

D.the winner will be paid for his short film

55.The underlined word “original” is closest in meaning to ________

A.interesting enough              B.full of exciting  moments

C.good for children               D.made by yourself

E

Do you find getting up in the morning so difficult that it’s painful? This might be called laziness, but Dr Kim has a new explanation . He has proved that everyone has a daily energy cycle.

During the hours when you labour through your work , you may say that you’re “hot.” That’s true . The time of day when you feel most energetic is when your cycle of body temperature is at its peak(高峰). For some people the peak comes during the forenoon. For other it comes in the afternoon or evening. No one has discovered why this is so , but it leads to such familiar words as :”Get up .John! You’ll be late for work again!” The possible explanation to the trouble is that John is at his temperature-and-energy peak in the evening. Much family quarreling ends when husbands and wives realize what these energy cycles mean, and which cycle each member of the family has.

You can’t change your energy cycle, but you can learn to make your life fit it better. Habit can help .Dr Kim believes. Maybe you’re sleepy in the evening but feel you must stay up late anyway . Counteract(對抗)your cycle to some extent by habitually staying up later than you want to . If your energy is low in the morning but you have an important job to do early in the day , rise before your usual hour . This won’t change your cycle , but you’ll get up steam and work better at your low point.

Get off to a slow start which saves your energy . Get up with a leisurely yawn(哈欠)and your body stretching. Sit on the edge of the bed a minute before putting your feet on the floor. Avoid the troublesome search for clean clothes by laying them out the night before. Whenever possible, do usual work in the afternoon and save tasks requiring more energy or attention for your shaper hours.

56.If a person finds getting up early a problem, most probably _______

A.he is a lazy person                B.he refuses to follow his own energy cycle

C.he is not sure when his energy is low  D.he is at his peak in the afternoon or evening

57.Which of the follow may lead to family quarrels according to the passage?

A.Unknowing of energy cycle.

B.Understanding the energy cycle.

C.A change in a family member’s energy cycle.

D.Attempts to control the energy cycle of other family members.

58.If one wants to work more efficiently at his low point in the morning, he should ______

A.change his energy cycle              B.overcome his laziness

C.get up earlier than usual             D.go to bed earlier

59.You are advised to rise with a yawn and stretch because it will ___________

A.enable you to fix your attention on your work

B.help you to control your temper early in the day

C.keep your energy cycle under control all day

D.help to keep your energy for the day’s word

60.Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE?

A.getting off to work with a minimum effort helps people save their energy.

B.Dr Kim explains why people reach their peaks at different hours of day.

C.Habit can help people adapt to their own energy cycles.

D.Children, like the adults , have energy cycles, too.

第二節(jié)(每小題1分,共5分)根據(jù)對話內(nèi)容, 從對話后的選項(xiàng)中選出能填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)。選項(xiàng)中有兩項(xiàng)為多余選項(xiàng)。

M:Welcome back! I didn't see you in the history class on Friday.

W: 61  My geography class went on a field trip to look at some of the different rocks.

M:Really?   62   Where did you go?

W:A desert . It gets hot during the day , but it cools off very quickly at night.   63

M:Well, did you enjoy the trip?

W:Of course I did , Since there are so few plants growing there ,it’s very easy to see different rocks.

M: 64  You must call me if you have the chance to go there again.

W:No problem.   65

A:I really want to go there.

B:That sounds excellent!

C:I will be your guide next time.

D:It is very dry there after the sun goes down.

E;I'm tired of this trip.

F:I wasn't here on Friday.

G:We learnt a lot from this trip.

第Ⅱ卷(選擇題,共55分)

第三部分  寫作(滿分55分)

第一節(jié)  單詞拼寫(共10小題;每小題1分,滿分10分)根據(jù)下列句子及所給單詞的漢語注釋,在句子右邊的橫線上寫出各單詞的正確形式。(每空只寫一詞)

66.It is very    (方便)to pay by credit card.                              66.         

67.December is the       (十二)month of the year.                       67.       

68.There are a lot of        (圖書館)in big cities.                        68.         

69.Next     (星期六),some foreigners will visit our school.                69.        

70.We take great      (驕傲)in offering the best service in town.          70.        

71.Are you    (熟悉)with the computer software they use?                71.      

72.I suspect that he was dismissed for     (政治)reasons.               72.      

73.Upon    (到達(dá)), we all got down to work.                             73.     

74.She looked beautiful on her       (婚禮)day.                          74.      

75.My English is poor. I had some trouble ____(理解)the foreigners at the meeting.

75.    

第二節(jié)  短文改錯(共10小題;每小題1.5分,滿分15分)

    此題要求改正所給短文中的錯誤。對標(biāo)有題號的每一行做出判斷:如無錯誤,在該行右邊橫線一畫一個勾(√);如有錯誤(每行只有一個錯誤),則按下列情況改正:

     此行多一個詞:把多余的詞用斜線(/)劃掉,在該行右邊橫線上寫出該詞,并也用斜線劃掉。

     此行缺一個詞:在缺詞處加一個漏字符號(∨),在該行右邊橫線上寫出該加的詞。

     此行錯一個詞:在錯的詞下劃一橫線,在該行右邊橫線上寫出改正后的詞。 

     注意:原行沒有錯的不要改。

Some students are in low spirit when they don’t do                     76.       

well in the exams. They usually lose their heart and no longer               77.       

study as hard as before . However , most students take a                   78.         

active attitude towards failure. They encourage them                      79.      

to be self-confident. They find out and analyzed the causes                 80.         

of their failure so that will no longer make similar mistakes.                 81.    

I agree those with active attitudes, As we all                           82.     

know it , failure is the mother of success, Even great men                   83.     

had failed many times before they succeeded.                             84.     

And we must deal with our failure correct.                                85.     

第三節(jié)   書面表達(dá)(滿分30分)

假如你是李華,收到你的美國筆友(Hank Stram)的電子郵件,他說在五一期間要和他的父母來北京旅游,他聽說長城很雄偉,他想先參觀長城再參觀其它名勝。你用e-mail回復(fù)他。

提示:1.你告訴他可以乘公交車去長城。

      2.你告訴他五一期間游客眾多,注意安全。且天氣多變,要帶點(diǎn)藥品以防感冒。

      3.你還可以向他介紹北京的其它著名景點(diǎn)(如頤和園、鳥巢the Bird’s Nest、水立方the Water Cube等)。

      4.110語左右。

      5.開頭和結(jié)尾已給出,請抄寫到答題紙相應(yīng)的區(qū)域。

Dear Hank,

How are you!

                                                                               

                                                          Yours,

                                                          Li Hua

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

試題詳情

生物:對激素?zé)狳c(diǎn)考題的歸納分析

對激素?zé)狳c(diǎn)考題的歸納分析

為了幫助廣大考生備考“激素分泌的調(diào)節(jié)和相關(guān)激素間的作用”這一考點(diǎn),筆者對各地的模擬試題及近年的相關(guān)高考題加以分析比較,從而歸納概括出以下三類題型的創(chuàng)新與預(yù)測。

[例題1]取正常小鼠,每天飼喂一定量的甲狀腺激素,3周后,該小鼠(    )

A.新陳代謝增強(qiáng),促甲狀腺激素含量增加

B.新陳代謝增強(qiáng),促甲狀腺激素含量減少

C.新陳代謝減弱,促甲狀腺激素含量增加

D.新陳代謝減弱,促甲狀腺激素含量減少

[研析]本題考查的知識點(diǎn)是動物體內(nèi)甲狀腺激素的功能及其激素的反饋調(diào)節(jié)。動物體內(nèi)甲狀腺激素的主要功能是:促進(jìn)新陳代謝和生長發(fā)育,尤其對中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的發(fā)育和功能具有重要影響,提高神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)得興奮性。當(dāng)體內(nèi)血液中甲狀腺激素含量超過正常值時,通過反饋調(diào)節(jié)會抑制下丘腦和垂體的活動,垂體所分泌的促甲狀腺激素的含量則會減少。

[答案] B。

[點(diǎn)擊]對于甲狀腺激素和促甲狀腺激素之間的關(guān)聯(lián)是學(xué)生容易搞混的地方。學(xué)生應(yīng)該搞清楚,正常情況下,首先是促甲狀腺激素影響著甲狀腺激素的合成和分泌,其次,甲狀腺激素反過來又會影響促甲狀腺激素的合成和分泌。當(dāng)甲狀腺激素含量在血液中過高時,就是一個典型的反饋調(diào)節(jié),促甲狀腺激素含量將會減少,從而會減少甲狀腺激素的合成和分泌,使甲狀腺激素含量在血液中趨于一個穩(wěn)定值。

[創(chuàng)新?預(yù)測1] 下圖表示甲狀腺活動調(diào)節(jié)的示意圖。對這一調(diào)節(jié)的描述錯誤的是(  )

A.X與Y結(jié)構(gòu)分別表示下丘腦和垂體

B.a(chǎn)與b物質(zhì)分別表示促甲狀腺激素釋放激素和促甲狀腺激素

C.Z結(jié)構(gòu)的活動只受Y結(jié)構(gòu)的控制

D.血液中的甲狀腺激素含量起著反饋調(diào)節(jié)的作用

[答案] C  甲狀腺激素的分泌調(diào)節(jié)屬于反饋調(diào)節(jié)。當(dāng)寒冷等刺激影響下,下丘腦的一些細(xì)胞能合成并分泌促甲狀腺激素釋放激素,促進(jìn)垂體活動合成并分泌促甲狀腺激素,促甲狀腺激素又能刺激甲狀腺合成并分泌甲狀腺激素,從而促進(jìn)新陳代謝,以使機(jī)體抵御寒冷等刺激。但當(dāng)血液中甲狀腺激素的含量增加一定程度時,會抑制下丘腦和垂體的活動,使促甲狀腺激素釋放激素和促甲狀腺激素的合成和分泌減少,從而使血液中甲狀腺激素含量不致過高。本題就是對這一知識點(diǎn)的考查,因此A、B、D項(xiàng)屬于正確的。另外甲狀腺激素的分泌活動除了受垂體的調(diào)節(jié)外,還受血液中血糖濃度、其它激素和神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的調(diào)節(jié)。

[例題2]下圖表示機(jī)體內(nèi)生命活動調(diào)節(jié)的途徑。下列說法錯誤的是(   )

A.該圖示可以說明神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)可控制內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)的活動

B.胰島B細(xì)胞的分泌活動不受④過程的調(diào)節(jié)

C.如果感受器、①、下丘腦、⑦和內(nèi)分泌腺組成機(jī)體內(nèi)的某一反射活動的反射弧,則效應(yīng)器為圖中的的組織

D.如果圖示中的內(nèi)分泌腺為甲狀腺,則⑥的增加可引起③和④的減少

[研析]本題所示的是神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié)和體液調(diào)節(jié)共同作用的圖,兩者之間,神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié)為主,并控制著體液調(diào)節(jié)。胰島B細(xì)胞不受垂體控制,但受下丘腦的控制,圖中⑦就可作為這個實(shí)例。如果感受器、①、下丘腦、⑦和內(nèi)分泌腺組成機(jī)體內(nèi)的某一反射活動的反射弧,則效應(yīng)器為圖中的內(nèi)分泌腺,而不應(yīng)該是圖中的組織。甲狀腺激素的調(diào)節(jié)是一個反饋調(diào)節(jié),當(dāng)其含量過高時,會減少促甲狀腺激素和促甲狀腺激素釋放激素的合成和分泌。

[答案] C。

[相關(guān)鏈接] 垂體、下丘腦在內(nèi)分泌活動中的重要作用:垂體是人體重要的內(nèi)分泌腺,它不僅本身能分泌多種激素,如生長激素直接調(diào)節(jié)控制生長發(fā)育、新陳代謝,而且能分泌幾種激素如促甲狀腺激素、促性腺激素,分別調(diào)節(jié)甲狀腺、性腺等內(nèi)分泌的活動。因此曾被稱為“內(nèi)分泌之王”。而垂體的活動又受下丘腦控制,下丘腦可以比喻為內(nèi)分泌的“王中王”,是機(jī)體調(diào)節(jié)內(nèi)分泌活動的總樞紐。它通過分泌促激素釋放激素來調(diào)節(jié)控制垂體的活動,如分泌促甲狀腺激素釋放激素促進(jìn)垂體合成分泌促甲狀腺激素,還能分泌促性腺激素釋放激素,促腎上腺激素釋放激素等。下丘腦是中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的一部分,本身能產(chǎn)生傳導(dǎo)興奮,其興奮性受大腦皮層控制,因此它是神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié)和激素調(diào)節(jié)的聯(lián)系樞紐。

[創(chuàng)新?預(yù)測2] (多選題)下圖表示下丘腦神經(jīng)分泌細(xì)胞、垂體細(xì)胞、甲狀腺細(xì)胞及它們分泌的激素之間的關(guān)系。下列有關(guān)分析正確的有(   )

A.激素A是促甲腺激素釋放激素

B.當(dāng)體內(nèi)缺乏I元素時,將導(dǎo)致激素C的合成受阻

C.人遭遇危險而情緒緊張時血液中激素C的含量將會增加

D. 激素C與下丘腦分泌的生長激素之間存在協(xié)同作用

[答案]ABC  激素C為甲狀腺激素,與生長激素之間有著協(xié)同作用。但生長激素是由垂體所分泌的,所以D選項(xiàng)錯誤。

[例題3]為探索影響動物體內(nèi)甲狀腺激素水平的相關(guān)因素,某研究性學(xué)習(xí)小組做了如下一些實(shí)驗(yàn):

(l)實(shí)驗(yàn)一:取生長正常的成年雄鼠甲,對其體內(nèi)甲狀腺激素和促甲狀腺激素進(jìn)行不間斷檢測。每隔3d對甲鼠的甲狀腺做一次等量切除,其甲狀腺激素和促甲狀腺激素水平如上圖所示,請據(jù)圖回答:

①圖中曲線a表示的激素是             ,曲線b表示的激素是            

②實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,在正常情況下,甲狀腺細(xì)胞的分泌功能(產(chǎn)生的激素量)與甲狀腺的體積成     關(guān)系。

③通過該實(shí)驗(yàn),還可以給人啟示,對于患         的病人可以實(shí)施手術(shù)治療。

(2)實(shí)驗(yàn)二:取生長正常的成年雄鼠乙,每隔3d注射一次等量的促甲狀腺激素釋放激素,并測得其體內(nèi)甲狀腺激素和促甲狀腺激素含量的變化,總是先上升后下降,請分析產(chǎn)生這種生理變化的原因。

①當(dāng)體內(nèi)促甲狀腺激素釋放激素濃度升高時,             合成和分泌增多,進(jìn)而刺激甲狀腺合成和分泌甲狀腺激素。

②當(dāng)停止注射促甲狀腺激素釋放激素時,其體內(nèi)過高的  就會抑制      的分泌活動,從而使相應(yīng)的激素水平下降。

(3)為了驗(yàn)證碘是合成甲狀腺激素的原料,某同學(xué)提出了這樣一個實(shí)驗(yàn)方案:取生長狀況相同的雄鼠丙和雌鼠丁,其中給丙鼠每天喂含碘的食物,丁鼠每天喂不含碘的等量的食物;兩只鼠放在不同室內(nèi)條件下飼養(yǎng),一段時間后對兩只鼠體內(nèi)甲狀腺激素水平進(jìn)行測定。請改正該方案中的不足之處:                        。

[研析]本題結(jié)合實(shí)驗(yàn)全面考查了學(xué)生對甲狀腺激素和促甲狀腺激素之間關(guān)系的理解,以及考查了學(xué)生對實(shí)驗(yàn)基本操作規(guī)則的掌握程度。實(shí)驗(yàn)一中,由于切除甲狀腺,那么甲狀腺激素含量將會持續(xù)下降,促甲狀腺激素含量將會持續(xù)增加。通過該實(shí)驗(yàn)可用于治療甲亢病人的理論指導(dǎo)。實(shí)驗(yàn)二是探討甲狀腺激素的反饋調(diào)節(jié)。下丘腦分泌的促甲狀腺激素釋放激素,垂體分泌的促甲狀腺激素會促進(jìn)甲狀腺激素的合成和分泌,同時甲狀腺激素反過來又會影響下丘腦和垂體的活動。在實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)計方案中,該同學(xué)忽略了等量原則:實(shí)驗(yàn)用的老鼠性別應(yīng)相同,培養(yǎng)的條件也應(yīng)該相同,且有利于老鼠的生存。

[答案](1)①促甲狀腺激素 甲狀腺激素 ②正相關(guān)  ③甲亢

(2)①促甲狀腺激素   ②甲狀腺激素   下丘腦   垂體

(3)①丙鼠和丁鼠的性別應(yīng)相同   ②放在相同的適宜條件下飼養(yǎng)

[方法/技巧]1.配合題意,理解圖的含義,理解圖在解題中所起的重要作用。

2.緊扣圖所給的信息回答題目,盡量不要偏離圖形所反應(yīng)出的知識點(diǎn)。

3.學(xué)科內(nèi)知識會靈活應(yīng)用,能觸類旁通。

4.掌握必須的實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)計原則:等量原則、單一變量原則。

[創(chuàng)新?預(yù)測3] 下面是采用動物實(shí)驗(yàn)法和臨床觀察法,研究甲狀腺的內(nèi)分泌功能。分析結(jié)果,回答下列問題:

實(shí)驗(yàn)一:腺體制劑飼喂蝌蚪,結(jié)果蝌蚪發(fā)育加快,體型小。

實(shí)驗(yàn)二:摘除成年狗腺體,結(jié)果成年狗食欲不振、臃腫、呆笨、萎靡。

實(shí)驗(yàn)三:摘除小狗腺體,結(jié)果除上述癥狀外,發(fā)育停止。

臨床四:地方性甲狀腺腫癥狀是腺體腫大,勞動時心跳快、氣短,以食鹽加碘可以防治。

20080505

臨床六:甲狀腺功能亢進(jìn),癥狀是基礎(chǔ)代謝率過高,神經(jīng)過敏等。

試題詳情

生物:2008年生物遺傳育種

2008年生物遺傳育種

押題依據(jù)

1.全國高考卷從2003年到2007年每年都有“遺傳育種”方面題目,尤其是全國II卷,幾乎年年考。

2.育種包含了“遺傳的變異”的知識,又能聯(lián)系“基因工程和細(xì)胞工程”等科學(xué)前沿知識。

所押考點(diǎn)】遺傳育種

適用地區(qū)】全國理綜卷

命制試題

1.已知玉米寬葉(A)對窄葉(a)為顯性,且在玉米苗期便能識別。根據(jù)生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐獲知,雜交種(Aa)表現(xiàn)為高產(chǎn),分別比顯性品種和隱性品種的產(chǎn)量高12%、20%。某農(nóng)場在培育玉米雜交種時,將寬葉玉米和窄葉玉米進(jìn)行了間行均勻種植,但由于錯過了人工授粉的時機(jī),結(jié)果導(dǎo)致大面積地塊自然授粉[設(shè)同株異花授粉(自交)與品種間異株異花授粉(雜交)幾率相同]。根據(jù)上述信息回答下列問題:

⑴按照上述栽種方式,兩個品種玉米授粉方式共計有     種。收獲的種子(胚)的基因型及比例約是:                。

⑵假若用上述自然授粉收獲的種子用于次年種植,預(yù)計收成將比單獨(dú)種植雜交種減少         。

⑶如果希望次年不減產(chǎn),則在先一年進(jìn)行了自然授粉的地塊怎樣采種、次年播種后怎樣留苗可達(dá)到目的?

                                    

⑷若知玉米非甜(B)對甜(b)為顯性,且非甜玉米線粒體中有抗玉米螟的抗蟲基因。現(xiàn)有純種寬葉非甜玉米(AABB)與純種窄葉甜玉米(aabb)兩品種,請你設(shè)計雜交方案,培育出高產(chǎn)、抗玉米螟的甜玉米種子。

步驟為:

?用AABB(。羇abb( ) →                     

?AaBb  (♀)× aabb  (♂)→AaBb、Aabb、aaBb、aab (4種基因型)

?選取寬甜玉米連續(xù)自交,保留不發(fā)生性狀分離類型,其基因型為AAbb       選                               (用語言敘述)

?AAbb(♀)×aabb(♂)→ Aabb                

⑸培育出的上述玉米品種,通常可能通過花粉將抗蟲基因傳給近緣植物嗎?為什么?不能   。 因?yàn)樵摽瓜x基因是細(xì)胞質(zhì)基因,其遺傳表現(xiàn)為母系遺傳。(或精子中含抗蟲基因的細(xì)胞質(zhì)幾乎不參與受精,所以不可能遺傳給與近緣植物雜交的子代。)

答案:⑴  4 ;  1AA:2Aa:1aa  、  8%

(100%-[1/2×100%+1/4×88%+1/4×80%]=8% 或20%×1/4+12%×1/4=8%)

⑶從窄葉植株上采種(含Aa、aa),次年播種后,選擇寬葉植株栽種 

⑷?用AABB(♀)×aabb(♂) → AaBb           

 ?AaBb(♀)×aabb(♂) →AaBb、Aabb、aaBb、aabb    

 ?播種以上收獲的種子并分別進(jìn)行自交,從自交后代中選取寬葉甜玉米再連續(xù)自交,直至不發(fā)生性狀分離,收獲基因型為AAbb的種子。

 ?AAbb(♀)×aabb(♂)→ Aabb 。鄹弋a(chǎn)(雜交種)、抗蟲、甜玉米]

⑸不能     因?yàn)樵摽瓜x基因是細(xì)胞質(zhì)基因,其遺傳表現(xiàn)為母系遺傳。(或精子中含抗蟲基因的細(xì)胞質(zhì)幾乎不參與受精,所以不可能遺傳給與近緣植物雜交的子代。)

2.玉米是一種雌雄同株的植物,正常植株的基因型為A_B_,其頂部開雄花,下部開雌花;基因型aaB__的植株不能長出雌花而成為雄株;基因型為A__bb或aabb植株的頂端長出的也是雌花而成為雌株。(兩對基因位于兩對同源染色體上)

(1)育種工作者選用上述材料做親本,雜交后得到下表中的結(jié)果:

類型

正常株

雄株

雌株

數(shù)目

998

1001

1999

請寫出所有親本基因型組合________________________________________。

(2)玉米的雄株和雌株在育種中有重要的應(yīng)用價值,在雜交育種時可免除雌雄同株必須人工去雄的麻煩。選育出的雄株和雌株,應(yīng)確保其雜交后代都是正常植株,以符合種子生產(chǎn)要求。那么選育出的雄株和雌株的基因型分別為_____________________。

(3)已知大田中的正常植株都是雜合子(AaBb),請你根據(jù)單倍體育種原理,設(shè)計一個育種方案,選育出符合育種生產(chǎn)要求的雄株和雌株。

①_____________________________________________,得到單倍體幼苗;

②用______________處理單倍體幼苗,使其染色體加倍,得到二倍體。植株基因型和表現(xiàn)型是_______________________________________________

③根據(jù)植株的表現(xiàn)型寫出選育過程:

________________________________________________________________________

答案:

(1)aaBb×Aabb 或AaBb×aabb   (2)aaBB   AAbb

(3)①選擇正常植株的花粉(AB、Ab、aB、ab)進(jìn)行花藥離體培養(yǎng)

②秋水仙素   正常植株(AABB)、雄株(aaBB)、雌株(AAbb、aabb)

③a.在獲得的二倍體植株中,雄株即為符合要求的類型(aaBB);

b.既長出了雌花序,雄花序也轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榇苹ㄐ虻拇浦暌矠榉弦蟮拇浦辏ˋAbb);

c.不能長出雌花序,僅是雄花序轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榇苹ㄐ虻拇浦辏╝abb)不符合生產(chǎn)要求,淘汰。

解析:

親本:                    AaBb 正常株

                                   減數(shù)分裂

配子(花粉粒)   AB       Ab        aB       ab

                                                花藥離體培養(yǎng)

單倍體幼苗       AB       Ab        aB       ab         

                                                秋水仙素處理

二倍體植株      AABB      AAbb     aaBB     aabb

               正常株      雌株      雄株     雌株

             (淘汰) (符合要求)(符合要求)(淘汰)

3.農(nóng)業(yè)上常用的6種育種方法如下:


(1)方法1屬于常規(guī)育種,一般從F2代開始選種,這是因?yàn)?u>                    。選中的個體還需要經(jīng)過若干代的自交、鑒別,直到不發(fā)生分離為止,這是因?yàn)樾缕贩N一定要是                                 。

(2)方法2與方法1相比,突出的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是            。若F1有n對雜合的基因(分別位于n對染色體上),則利用其花粉離體培養(yǎng)育成的小苗理論上應(yīng)有         種類型。

(3)方法3中所用的原理是    ,所用的方法如            、             

            ;所用的種子應(yīng)當(dāng)是                (干燥的、萌動的、休眠的), 試闡述原因  ______________          

(4)通過方法4獲得的新品種應(yīng)屬于        體,它們往往表現(xiàn)為             等特點(diǎn);育種中使用的秋水仙素的主要作用是                            。

(5)方法5培育出的新類型生物可以表達(dá)出甲種生物的某基因的遺傳信息,由G到H過程中涉及的生物技術(shù)有                                   

(6)K→L→M這種育種方法的優(yōu)越性表現(xiàn)在                         

答案:

(1)F2代開始發(fā)生性狀分離   純種

(2)縮短育種年限,迅速獲得純系植株   2n 

(3)基因突變   激光誘變  輻射誘變  化學(xué)試劑誘變   萌動的   種子萌發(fā)后進(jìn)行細(xì)胞分裂,DNA在復(fù)制過程中由于某種因素的影響可發(fā)生基因突變

(4)多倍     莖稈粗壯,葉片、果實(shí)和種子較大,糖和蛋白質(zhì)等營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)含量增加,但結(jié)實(shí)率低     抑制紡錘體的形成,導(dǎo)致染色體數(shù)目加倍

(5)基因工程(DNA重組技術(shù))   植物組織培養(yǎng)

(6)克服遠(yuǎn)緣雜交不親和的障礙,大大擴(kuò)展了可用于雜交的親本組合范圍

4.現(xiàn)有黑色短毛免(BBEE)和褐色長毛免(bbee),兩對等位基因位于兩對同源染色體上,問怎樣育成能穩(wěn)定遺傳的黑色長毛免。(用遺傳圖解加文字描述)

答案:

P             BBEE    ×   bbee     親本雜交

              黑短         褐長

F1                   BbEe    讓F1代雌雄個體間雜交

 

F2     B_E_     B_ee      bbE_      bbee

                黑長                褐長

選黑色長毛兔和褐色長毛兔測交:

①如果后代全為黑色長毛兔,則被檢測的黑色長毛兔為純合體,能穩(wěn)定遺傳,符合育種要求。

②如果后代出現(xiàn)性狀分離,則被檢測的黑色長毛兔不符合育種要求,淘汰。

5. 小鼠的毛由等位基因B.b決定。其中BB和Bb決定產(chǎn)生黑色,bb產(chǎn)生白色。一農(nóng)民買了一對黑色小鼠,其雜交產(chǎn)生6黑2白的子代。他賣出全部白色小鼠,想利用剩下的小鼠產(chǎn)生更多的白色小鼠,他向你咨詢:

(1)若在F1代中隨機(jī)雜交,F(xiàn)2代中白色的機(jī)率是____________

(2)若用F1雄性個體與親本雌性個體雜交(回交),后代中產(chǎn)生白色個體的機(jī)率是______

(3)請用遺傳圖解表示上述(1)、(2)方案中你為該農(nóng)民選的方案。

(4)如果上述培育的是小麥品種,讓高莖易倒伏小麥(Dd)自交,在后代占選出全部矮莖抗倒伏植物(dd)個體,現(xiàn)在想利用剩余高莖易倒伏小麥植株產(chǎn)生更多的矮莖抗倒伏植物個體,同樣采用小鼠的方法(1)自交和(2)回交的方法,哪種方法更好,為什么?___________________

答案:(1) 1/9  (2)1/6    

(3) 回交   F1中Bb(黑色)× 親本 Bb(黑色)

 

配子    B     b         B     b

 

子代   BB      Bb    Bb     bb

            黑色    黑色   黑色   白色

(4)自交 ,因?yàn)樽越缓突亟划a(chǎn)生矮莖植株的機(jī)率相同,均為1/6;另外省去了人工去雄和人工授粉的麻煩。

6.豌豆子葉黃色(B)對綠色(b)為顯性,種皮灰色(A)對白色(a)為顯性,圖1中甲、乙、丙、丁分別表示四株豌豆體細(xì)胞中染色體和基因的組成,據(jù)圖回答

(1)在豌豆的個體發(fā)育中,____________的形成,標(biāo)志著豌豆生殖生長的開始。

(2)若圖l中乙豌豆的一個花粉母細(xì)胞經(jīng)減數(shù)分裂產(chǎn)生一個基因型為AB的花粉,則同時產(chǎn)生的另三個花粉基因型分別是________________________。

(3)在若圖l哪兩株豌豆雜交,后代表現(xiàn)型比為3:1 ?___________________。

(4)若圖l中任選一個親本,讓其分別與圖中另外兩個親本雜交,他們的雜交后代有相同的表現(xiàn)型,且分離比都是1:1。則這一親本及其組合方式應(yīng)是________________________。

(5)若用圖1中的一種豌豆與另一種豌豆進(jìn)行雜交實(shí)驗(yàn),發(fā)現(xiàn)后代F1出現(xiàn)四種表現(xiàn)型,對性狀的統(tǒng)計結(jié)果如圖2 ,請回答:


                                                                  

①所用圖l中的豌豆作為親本的基因型是_____________________________。

②在雜交后代F1中,表現(xiàn)型與雙親不同的個體所占的比例___________________

20080510

20080510

 

 

 

試題詳情

物理:電磁感應(yīng)問題

電磁感應(yīng)問題

適用卷型:全國大綱卷(理科綜合)

預(yù)測試題編寫依據(jù):

根據(jù)教育部考試中心日前頒布的《2008年普通高等學(xué)校招生全國統(tǒng)一考試大綱》(理科)編寫。

 編寫思想:

(1)突出對學(xué)科主干、核心知識的考查;

(2)突出能力考查(理解能力、推理能力、分析綜合能力、應(yīng)用數(shù)學(xué)處理物理問題的能力、實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)芰Γ?/p>

(3)突出學(xué)科內(nèi)綜合。

考前題型預(yù)測:

(一)選擇題型

1.如圖所示,水平光滑的平行金屬導(dǎo)軌,左端接有電阻R,勻強(qiáng)磁場B豎直向下分布在導(dǎo)軌所在的空間內(nèi),質(zhì)量一定的金屬棒PQ垂直導(dǎo)軌放置。今使棒以一定的初速度v0向右運(yùn)動,當(dāng)棒到達(dá)位置c時速度剛好為零。設(shè)導(dǎo)軌與棒的電阻均不計,ab=bc,則金屬棒在由ab和由bc的兩過程中(    )

A.棒運(yùn)動的加速度始終相等

B.通過電阻R的電量之比為1∶1

C.通過電阻R的平均電流之比為1∶1

D.時間之比為()∶1

【猜題說明】考查電磁感應(yīng)中的基本問題。涉及導(dǎo)體棒的運(yùn)動分析、通過導(dǎo)體的電量計算等綜合知識。

【解析】由ab和由bc,棒一直在減速,回路中的電流一直在減小,棒所受安培阻力減小,故其加速度在減小,A錯誤。由感應(yīng)電量知,兩個階段相等,q應(yīng)相同,B正確。這兩個過程的時間不相等,所以磁通量的變化率不相同,平均感應(yīng)電流不相等,故C錯。如果是勻變速直線運(yùn)動,時間之比才為()∶1,故D項(xiàng)錯。答案:B。

 

2.如圖所示,一個高度為L的矩形線框無初速地從高處落下,設(shè)線框下落過程中,下邊保持水平向下平動。在線框的下方,有一個上、下界面都是水平的勻強(qiáng)磁場區(qū),磁場區(qū)高度為2L,磁場方向與線框平面垂直。閉合線圈下落后,剛好勻速進(jìn)入磁場區(qū),進(jìn)入過程中,線圈中的感應(yīng)電流I0隨位移變化的圖象可能是   (   )

【猜題說明】考查電磁感應(yīng)中的圖象,是歷年高考的重點(diǎn)題型。

【解析】線框勻速進(jìn)入磁場時,感應(yīng)電流恒為I0,方向不變。線框完全進(jìn)入磁場后,安培力立即消失,線框勻加速運(yùn)動.當(dāng)下邊剛出磁場時,線框的速度大于進(jìn)入磁場時的速度,故電流大于I0,線框所受安培力大于重力,做減速運(yùn)動,但上邊離開磁場時的速度不會小于線框進(jìn)磁場時的速度,故處電流不小于I0,選項(xiàng)A、C都錯.答案:BD。

3.如圖所示,在直徑為D、電阻為R的細(xì)金屬絲圓環(huán)區(qū)域內(nèi)有一垂直于該圓環(huán)的變化磁場,其磁場的變化規(guī)律為k為大于零的常數(shù)),則以下說法正確的是   (   )

A.金屬圓環(huán)中有順時針方向的感應(yīng)電流

B.金屬圓環(huán)中通過的感應(yīng)電流大小為

C.時間內(nèi),通過金屬圓環(huán)橫截面的電荷量為

D.時間內(nèi),金屬圓環(huán)中產(chǎn)生的電熱為 

【猜題說明】考查磁場隨時間變化時的電磁感應(yīng)問題。

【解析】根據(jù)楞次定律,金屬圓環(huán)中的感應(yīng)電流應(yīng)為逆順時針方向;感應(yīng)電流時間內(nèi),通過金屬圓環(huán)橫截面的電荷量為時間內(nèi),金屬圓環(huán)中產(chǎn)生的電熱為。答案:BC。

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

4.2006年7月1日,世界上海拔最高、線路最長的青藏鐵路全線通車,青藏鐵路安裝的一種電磁裝置可以向控制中心傳輸信號,以確定火車的位置和運(yùn)動狀態(tài),其原理是將能產(chǎn)生勻強(qiáng)磁場的磁鐵安裝在火車首節(jié)車廂下面,如圖甲所示(俯視圖),當(dāng)它經(jīng)過安放在兩鐵軌間的線圈時,線圈便產(chǎn)生一個電信號傳輸給控制中心。線圈邊長分別為l1和l2,匝數(shù)為n,線圈和傳輸線的電阻忽略不計。若火車通過線圈時,控制中心接收到線圈兩端的電壓信號u與時間t的關(guān)系如圖乙所示(ab、cd均為直線),t1、t2、t3、t4是運(yùn)動過程的四個時刻,則火車(  )

 

 

 

 

 

A.在t1~t2時間內(nèi)做勻加速直線運(yùn)動

B.在t3~t4時間內(nèi)做勻減速直線運(yùn)動

C.在t1~t2時間內(nèi)加速度大小為

D.在t3~ t4時間內(nèi)平均速度的大小為

【猜題說明】考查磁場相對線圈運(yùn)動時的電磁感應(yīng)問題。能力要求較高。

【解析】線圈做切割磁感線運(yùn)動時產(chǎn)生的感應(yīng)電動勢為,控制中心接收到線圈兩端的電壓信號u,所以A在t1~t2時間內(nèi)做勻加速直線運(yùn)動,在t3~t4時間內(nèi)還是做勻加速直線運(yùn)動,在t1時刻有,在t2時刻有,在t1~t2時間內(nèi)加速度大小為,在t3~ t4時間內(nèi)平均速度的大小為,D項(xiàng)正確。答案:ACD。

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(二)計算題型

1.如圖甲所示,兩定滑輪可以繞垂直于紙面的光滑水平軸O轉(zhuǎn)動,滑輪上繞一細(xì)線,線的一端系一質(zhì)量為M的重物,另一端系一質(zhì)量為m的金屬桿.在豎直平面內(nèi)有兩根間距為L的足夠長的平行金屬導(dǎo)軌PQMN,在Q、N之間連接有阻值為R的電阻,其余電阻不計.磁感應(yīng)強(qiáng)度為B的勻強(qiáng)磁場與導(dǎo)軌平面垂直.開始時金屬桿置于導(dǎo)軌下端,將重物由靜止釋放,重物最終能勻速下降,運(yùn)動過程中金屬桿始終與導(dǎo)軌接觸良好.

(1)求重物勻速下降的速度大。

(2)對一定的磁感應(yīng)強(qiáng)度B,取不同的質(zhì)量M,測出相應(yīng)的重物做勻速運(yùn)動時的v值,得到實(shí)驗(yàn)圖線如圖乙所示,圖中畫出了磁感應(yīng)強(qiáng)度分別為B1B2時的兩條實(shí)驗(yàn)圖線。試根據(jù)實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果計算比值

【猜題說明】以導(dǎo)體棒在豎直平面內(nèi)切割磁感線運(yùn)動為情境,結(jié)合運(yùn)動學(xué)圖象,考查電磁感應(yīng)綜合問題。

【解析】 (1)當(dāng)重物勻速下降時,設(shè)速度為v,則感應(yīng)電動勢

感應(yīng)電流 

金屬桿受到的安培力

由平衡條件得解得 

(2)由(1)求得的結(jié)果,v-M圖線的斜率

得 

由圖乙得  ,,所以

2.一個質(zhì)量m0.1kg的正方形金屬框總電阻R=0.5Ω,金屬框從表面絕緣且光滑的斜面頂端(金屬框上端與AA′重合)由靜止開始沿斜面下滑,下滑過程中穿過一段邊界與斜面底邊BB′平行、寬度與線框邊長相同的勻強(qiáng)磁場后滑至斜面底端(金屬框下邊與BB′重合),設(shè)金屬框在下滑過程中的速度為v,與其對應(yīng)的位移為s,整個運(yùn)動過程的v2s圖象如圖所示。已知勻強(qiáng)磁場方向垂直斜面向上,g10m/s2。根據(jù)v2s圖象所提供的信息,求:

(1)斜面的傾角θ和磁場寬度d;

(2)勻強(qiáng)磁場的磁感應(yīng)強(qiáng)度B

(3)金屬框從斜面頂端滑至斜面底端所用的總時間t;

(4)金屬框中產(chǎn)生的電能Q。

【猜題說明】以矩形導(dǎo)線框在斜面有界磁場中的運(yùn)動為情境,結(jié)合物理圖象,考查電磁感應(yīng)綜合問題。

【解析】 (1)據(jù)v2s圖象知,當(dāng)線框進(jìn)入磁場時,v2=16 (m/s)2,s=1.6 m

v2=2as得  a=5 m/s2   

對線框由牛頓第二定律得   mgsinθ=ma

解得  θ=30°       

磁場的寬度    d==0.5 m  

(2)由圖線知線框穿過磁場的過程中勻速運(yùn)動,且  m/s 

線框中感應(yīng)電動勢  E=Bdv 

感應(yīng)電流      

線框所受安培阻力  F=BId=    

由平衡條件得  mgsinθ=F   

解得  T   

(3)據(jù)v2s圖象知,金屬框滑至斜面底端時的速度據(jù)vt5m/s

金屬框從斜面頂端滑至斜面底端所用的總時間s  

(4)金屬框中產(chǎn)生的電能   J

 

 

 

 

3.在圖中,MON是光滑的裸導(dǎo)線圍成的線框,∠MON=60°,線框處在水平面內(nèi)且置于豎直向下、磁感應(yīng)強(qiáng)度為B的勻強(qiáng)磁場中,裸導(dǎo)線ab與線框良好接觸,接觸點(diǎn)a、b與線框頂點(diǎn)O構(gòu)成等邊三角形,裸導(dǎo)線ab能在彈簧S的作用下沿線框勻速向左移動,運(yùn)動到頂點(diǎn)O以后繼續(xù)在光滑絕緣導(dǎo)軌上向左運(yùn)動(絕緣導(dǎo)軌與光滑的裸導(dǎo)線圍成的線框在同一水平面內(nèi),且光滑連接);已知彈簧的平衡位置在O點(diǎn),導(dǎo)線的初始位置處在彈簧的彈性限度內(nèi),彈簧的勁度系數(shù)為k,導(dǎo)線單位長度的電阻為r,裸導(dǎo)線ab的質(zhì)量為m.

(1)求ab向左做勻速運(yùn)動的速度v.

(2)從裸導(dǎo)線ab第一次運(yùn)動到頂點(diǎn)O開始計算,直到裸導(dǎo)線靜止,電路中所產(chǎn)生的焦耳熱Q是多少?

【猜題說明】與彈簧相結(jié)合考查電磁感應(yīng)綜合問題。能力要求較高。

【解析】(1)當(dāng)裸導(dǎo)線向左運(yùn)動到離O點(diǎn)的距離為x, 裸導(dǎo)線中有電流的長度為y,則回路的電動勢為: 

設(shè)回路的周長為L,則回路的總電阻為

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根據(jù)平衡條件得: 

根據(jù)幾何知識求得:,   

由以上方程解得: 

(2)最終裸導(dǎo)線只能靜止在O點(diǎn),所以裸導(dǎo)線的動能將全部轉(zhuǎn)化為焦耳熱,

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試題詳情

物理:電學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)的創(chuàng)新設(shè)計

電學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)的創(chuàng)新設(shè)計

【考情分析】

電學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)成為理綜模式及單科模式下物理實(shí)驗(yàn)考題的首選題材已是不爭的事實(shí).這一現(xiàn)象的形成有其必然性:

①電學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)不僅考查了大綱和考試說明所要求的獨(dú)立完成實(shí)驗(yàn)的能力和實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)計能力,同時也有效地考查了電學(xué)基礎(chǔ)知識.它所具備的雙重考查功能是許多其他實(shí)驗(yàn)無法替代的;

②受考試時間和試卷篇幅的限制,大部分試卷都未對恒定電流這一章的知識另外單獨(dú)設(shè)題考查,電學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)自然肩負(fù)著考查恒定電流這一章的使命;

③電學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)尤其是設(shè)計性電學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)題最富于變化,最能體現(xiàn)考生的實(shí)驗(yàn)創(chuàng)新能力和思維的靈活性,從而為命題者提供了廣闊的命題空間.

【適用地區(qū)】

適用于全國大綱卷、山東新課標(biāo)卷、江蘇卷等

【題型預(yù)測】

1.電阻測量的新理念

【預(yù)測1】  為了測量量程為3V的電壓表V的內(nèi)阻(內(nèi)阻約2000Ω),實(shí)驗(yàn)室可以提供的器材有:電流表A1,量程為0.6A,內(nèi)阻約為0.1Ω;電壓表V2,量程為5V,內(nèi)阻約為3500Ω;電阻箱R1的阻值范圍為0~9999Ω;電阻箱R2阻值范圍為0~99.9Ω;滑動變阻器R3的最大阻值約為100Ω,額定電流1.5A;電源E,電動勢6V,內(nèi)阻約0.5Ω;單刀單擲開關(guān)S,導(dǎo)線若干。

(1)請從上述器材中選擇必要的器材,設(shè)計一個測量電壓表V的內(nèi)阻的實(shí)驗(yàn)電路,畫出電路原理圖(圖中的元件要用題中相應(yīng)的英文字母標(biāo)注),要求測量盡量準(zhǔn)確。

(2)寫出計算電壓表V的內(nèi)阻Rv的計算公式為Rv=________。

解析 (1)由于題目中待測電壓表的量程為3V,內(nèi)阻約為2000Ω,所以電壓表中的最大電流為,而給定的電流表A1的量程為0.6A,無法準(zhǔn)確測量通過電壓表的電流。所以只能借助于串聯(lián)分壓原理,設(shè)計的測量電壓表V的內(nèi)阻的實(shí)驗(yàn)電路如圖所示。

(2)閉合開關(guān),電壓表V的示數(shù)為U,電壓表V2的示數(shù)為U2,電阻箱R1的讀數(shù)為r1。根據(jù)歐姆定律,利用通過電壓表的電流與電阻R1的電流相等,算出電壓表的電阻為。

【誤區(qū)警示】  多數(shù)考生解答此題,毫不猶豫地套用伏安法,這是由于沒有考慮電流表的量程,待測電壓表的量程為3V,內(nèi)阻約為2000Ω,電壓表中的最大電流為,而給定的電流表A1的量程為0.6A,通過電壓表的電流無法使電流表的偏轉(zhuǎn)達(dá)到以上,因而無法準(zhǔn)確測量通過電壓表的電流,所以電流表不能用。

2.電源電動勢和內(nèi)阻測量的變式

【預(yù)測2】  在測定一節(jié)干電池的電動勢和內(nèi)電阻的實(shí)驗(yàn)中,備有下列器材:

    ①干電池(電動勢E約為1.5V,內(nèi)電阻r約為1.0Ω);

    ②電流表G(滿偏電流3.0mA,內(nèi)阻);

    ③電流表A(量程0~0.6A,內(nèi)阻約為0.5Ω);

    ④滑動變阻器R(0~20Ω,10A);

    ⑤滑動變阻器;

    ⑥定值電阻;

    ⑦開關(guān)和導(dǎo)線若干.

    (1)為了能準(zhǔn)確地進(jìn)行測量,也為了操作方便,實(shí)驗(yàn)中應(yīng)選用的滑動變阻器是__________.(填寫數(shù)字代號)

    (2)請畫出實(shí)驗(yàn)原理圖.

    解析  (1)由閉合電路歐姆定律可知,只要能測出兩組路端電壓和電流即可,但題目中只給出兩個電流表且其中一個電流表G的內(nèi)阻已知,可以把內(nèi)阻已知的電流表和定值電阻串聯(lián)改裝成一個電壓表。為了減少誤差,滑動變阻器需選④

(2)設(shè)計實(shí)驗(yàn)原理圖如圖所示.

    分別測兩組電流表G和A的讀數(shù),即有

   

    可得

   

3.非理想電表的非常規(guī)使用

【預(yù)測3】  某電壓表的內(nèi)阻在之間,現(xiàn)要測量其內(nèi)阻,實(shí)驗(yàn)室提供下列可選用的器材:

 ?A.待測電壓表V(量程3V)

 ?B.電流表A1(量程200μA)

 ?C.電流表A2(量程0.6mA)

 ?D.電流表A3(量程0.6A)

 ?E.滑動變阻器R(最大阻值1kΩ)

 ?F.電源E(電動勢4V)

 ?G.開關(guān)S,導(dǎo)線若干

 ?(1)所提供的電流表中,應(yīng)選用______________(填寫字母代號);

 ?(2)為了盡量減小誤差,要求測量多組數(shù)據(jù),試畫出符合要求的實(shí)驗(yàn)電路圖.

 ?解析。1)要測量電壓表的內(nèi)阻,它兩端的電壓可由電壓表的示數(shù)讀出,流過電壓表的電流要用電流表與它串聯(lián)才能測出.因?yàn)殡妷罕砹砍虨?V,內(nèi)阻,所以流過電壓表的最大電流為

 ?

則電流表選擇A1

 ?(2)因?yàn)榛瑒幼冏杵麟娮璞入妷罕韮?nèi)阻小得多,且要求盡量減小誤差,測量多組數(shù)據(jù),所以采用分壓電路,電路如圖所示.

4.定值電阻的妙用

【預(yù)測4】  某同學(xué)為了測電流表A1的內(nèi)阻精確值,有如下器材:

電流表A1(量程300 mA,內(nèi)阻約為5Ω);

電流表A2(量程600 mA,內(nèi)阻約為1Ω) ;

電壓表V(量程15 V,內(nèi)阻約為3 kΩ) ;

定值電阻R0 (5Ω) ;

滑動變阻器R1(0~10Ω,額定電流為1 A);

滑動變阻器R2(0~250Ω,額定電流為0. 3 A) ;

電源E(電動勢3 V,內(nèi)阻較小).

導(dǎo)線、開關(guān)若干.

(1)要求電流表 A1的示數(shù)從零開始變化,且多測幾組數(shù)據(jù),且電表的偏轉(zhuǎn)必須同時達(dá)到以上,以保證有盡可能高的精確度.在如圖所示線框內(nèi)畫出測量用的電路圖,并在圖中標(biāo)出所用儀器的代號.

(2)若選測量數(shù)據(jù)中的一組來計算電流表A1的內(nèi)阻r1,則所用電流表A1的內(nèi)阻r1表達(dá)式為r1 =       ;式中各符號的意義是            

解析  (1)大多數(shù)考生看到此題,第一感覺考慮的就是伏安法,由于沒有考慮電表的量程,當(dāng)然做不正確。少數(shù)考生想到要滿足“有盡可能高的精確度”的條件,認(rèn)為電壓的測定,不能選量程是15V的電壓表。因?yàn)殡娏鞅鞟1上允許通過的最大電壓為1.5V,因而電壓表測不出電流表的兩端的電壓。要滿足“多測幾組數(shù)據(jù)”,滑動變阻器應(yīng)采用分壓接法;要滿足“兩表的偏轉(zhuǎn)必須同時達(dá)到以上”,則需要將定值電阻與A1并聯(lián),以擴(kuò)大A1的量程。實(shí)驗(yàn)電路如圖3所示。

(2)若電路表A1、A2的讀數(shù)分別為I1、I2,則通過定值電阻R0的電流為I2-I1,A1兩端的電壓為(I2-I1)R0,則所用電流表A1的內(nèi)阻r1表達(dá)式為

答案  (1)電路如圖所示  (2 )    I1、I2分別為電流表示數(shù),R0是定值電阻大小.

5.電路實(shí)物連線的技巧

【預(yù)測5】有一待測的電阻器Rx,其阻值約在40~50Ω之間,實(shí)驗(yàn)室準(zhǔn)備用來測量該電阻值的實(shí)驗(yàn)器材有:

電壓表V(量程0~10 V,內(nèi)電阻約20 kΩ);

電流表A1,(量程0~300 mA,內(nèi)電阻約20Ω);

電流表A2,(量程0~800 mA,內(nèi)電阻約4Ω) ;

滑動變阻器R1,(最大阻值為10Ω,額定電流為2 A) ;

滑動變阻器R2(最大阻值為250Ω,額定電流為0.1 A);

直流電源E(電動勢為9V,內(nèi)電阻約為0. 5Ω);

開關(guān)及若干導(dǎo)線.

實(shí)驗(yàn)要求電表讀數(shù)從零開始變化,并能多測出幾組電流、電壓值,以便畫出I-U圖線.

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    (2)滑動變阻器選用       (選填器材代號)).

    (3)請在如圖甲所示的方框內(nèi)畫出實(shí)驗(yàn)電路圖,并將圖乙中器材連成符合要求的電路.

    解析  (1)加在待測電阻上的電壓最大約等于電源的電動勢,即為9V,而待測的電阻器Rx其阻值約在40~50Ω之間,此時通過其的最大電流約為225mA,為了測量有較高的精度,電流表應(yīng)選用A1

    (2)實(shí)驗(yàn)要求電表讀數(shù)從零開始變化,所以滑動變阻器應(yīng)采用分壓試接法,為了調(diào)節(jié)的方便,滑動變阻器選用阻值小的,即R1

    (3)由于待測電阻較小,所以電流表采用外接法;滑動變阻器采用分壓式,設(shè)計的電路如圖所示。

    進(jìn)行實(shí)物連線時,首先在圖中選擇電源E、開關(guān)S和滑動變阻器所組成的電路,并按此回路在圖中將對應(yīng)的實(shí)物依次連接起來,要注意滑動變阻器是分壓式接法,所以選擇滑動變阻器的下面兩根接線柱作為輸入端,即電源通過這兩個接線柱給滑動變阻器供電;然后再在圖乙中選擇電流表、待測電阻組成的電路,它們串連接在滑動變阻器的輸出端上,應(yīng)在滑動變阻器的上下兩組接線柱中各選擇一個組合成輸出端,另外在接電流表時應(yīng)注意接線柱的極性;最后將電壓表并聯(lián)在待測電阻兩端,同樣應(yīng)注意接線柱的極性。這樣整個電路就連接好了如圖所示。

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      試題詳情

      化學(xué):化學(xué)平衡知識考點(diǎn)高考考查題型預(yù)測

      化學(xué)平衡知識考點(diǎn)高考考查題型預(yù)測

       

      [試題預(yù)測依據(jù)]:化學(xué)平衡考點(diǎn)的試題可以把基本概念和基礎(chǔ)知識融合在一起,具有知識聯(lián)系廣、靈活度大、隱含條件多、概念性強(qiáng)、思維層次高等特點(diǎn)。故可以較好的落實(shí)《考試大綱》中規(guī)定的“接受、吸收、整合化學(xué)信息的能力”和“分析問題和解決(解答)化學(xué)問題的能力”能力要求,同時在2008年高考《考試大綱》(理科?課標(biāo)實(shí)驗(yàn)版)中在保持原有要求的基礎(chǔ)上,又增加了“理解化學(xué)平衡常數(shù)的含義,能夠利用化學(xué)平衡常數(shù)進(jìn)行簡單的計算”這一知識內(nèi)容。所以有關(guān)化學(xué)平衡知識點(diǎn)的考查是高考中的熱點(diǎn)問題之一,這在2007年的高考試卷中得到了證明,如2007年全國理綜卷Ⅰ的13題、全國理綜卷Ⅱ的6題、江蘇化學(xué)卷的13題、上;瘜W(xué)卷的25題,實(shí)施新課標(biāo)的廣東、山東、海南、寧夏四省區(qū)更是以主觀題的形式來考查,這就足可以說明該考點(diǎn)是高考的必考考點(diǎn)。

      [試題命題趨勢]:從2007年各地的高考試題的命題特點(diǎn)來看,試題難度適中,涉及內(nèi)容、試題的結(jié)構(gòu)等相對穩(wěn)定,試題注重與化學(xué)反應(yīng)速率計算、氧化還原反應(yīng)等基礎(chǔ)知識的融合,進(jìn)行多方面的學(xué)科內(nèi)綜合能力考查。下面就結(jié)合2008 年的《考試大綱》的要求和2007年全國各地高考試題所涉及的知識點(diǎn)和命題形式,對其歸類分析,以幫助同學(xué)們了解該知識點(diǎn)的命題特點(diǎn)以及解題時應(yīng)注意的事項(xiàng)或技巧。

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