13.http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn26694-humans-and-birds-share-the-same-singing-genes.html#.VIrqUPSl-cs
It's not just great minds that think alike.Dozens of the genes involved in the vocal learning that underpins human speech are also active in some songbirds(黃鶯).And knowing this suggests that birds could become a standard model for investigating the genetics of speech production and speech disorders.
Complex language is a uniquely human trait,but vocal learning-the ability to pick up new sounds by imitating others-is not.Some mammals,including whales,dolphins and elephants,share our ability to learn new vocalizations(發(fā)聲).So do three groups of birds:the songbirds,parrots and hummingbirds.
The similarities between vocal learning in humans and birds are not just superficial.We know,for instance,that songbirds have specialised vocal learning brain circuits that are similar to those that mediate(傳達) human speech.
What's more,a decade ago we learned that FOXP2,a gene known to be involved inhuman,is also active in"area X"of the songbird brain-one of the brain regions involved in those specialised vocal learning circuits.
AndreasPfenning at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and his colleagues have now built on these discoveries.They compared maps of genetic activity in brain tissue taken from the zebra finch,budgerigar and Anna's hummingbird,representing the three groups of vocal-learning birds.
They then compared these genetic maps with others taken from birds and primates that can't learn new vocalisations,and with maps taken from the brains of six people who donated tissue to the Allen Brain Institute in Seattle.
Their results showed that FOXP2is just one of 55genes that show a similar pattern of activity in the brains of humans and the vocal-learning birds.Those same genes show different patterns of activity in the brains of animals incapable of vocal learning.
"The similarities are beyond one or a handful of genes,"says Pfenning."There are just systematic molecular similarities between song-learning birds and humans."
"There's potential for songbirds to be used to study neurodegeneration(神經(jīng)元退變)-especially conditions like Huntington's,"says Pfenning.Huntington's disease affects the ability to produce complex motor behaviour,such as singing and talking,so experiments with birds might implicate particular genes in the disease.
Constance Scharff at the Free University of Berlin in Germany,who helped identify the importance of FOXP2 forvoca agrees that songbirds can make great models for human speech and its pathologies(病理學)."My lab's research during the past 10years has shown that FOXP2is as relevant for birds'song learning as it is for human speech learning,"she says.
61.Which of the following is WRONG according to the passage?C
A.The songbirds,parrots and hummingbirds imitate humans.
B.FOXP2is active in one of the brain regions of the songbird brain.
C.Songbirds have the same vocal learning brain circuits as human.
D.FOXP2is a gene that is known to be involved in human language.
62.The underlined word"underpin"in the first paragraph probably meansB.
A.increase
B.support
C.prevent
D.decrease
63.What can we infer from the passage?C
A.FOXP2was involved in human language about 12years ago.
B.Six people donated brain tissue to the Allen Brain Institute in Seattle.
C.Experiments with songbirds are likely to help cure Huntington's disease.
D.Constance Scharff discovered at the Free University of Berlin.
64.What is the passage mainly about?B
A.Birds have different genes from humans.
B.Humans and birds share the same singing genes.
C.How FOXP2affects the brains of humans and birds.
D.Experiments with birds can cure the disease of humans.

分析 本文是一篇說明文.只要介紹鳥類和人類的聲音的基因是相同的.黃鶯有著特別的發(fā)聲學習大腦系統(tǒng),這與傳達人類的聲音是相似的.語言是人類所特有的,而聲音的學習卻不是.許多動物都能通過模仿其他動物來學習新的聲音.

解答 61.C.細節(jié)理解題.根據(jù)第三段We know,for instance,that songbirds have specialised vocal learning brain circuits that are similar to those that mediate human speech.可知黃鶯有著特別的發(fā)聲學習大腦系統(tǒng),這與傳達人類的聲音是相似的.故選C.
62.B.詞義猜測題.根據(jù)第一段And knowing this suggests that birds could become a standard model for investigating the genetics of speech production and speech disorders.可知許多關于發(fā)聲學習的基因支持著人類的發(fā)聲.故選B.
63.C.細節(jié)理解題.根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段so experiments with birds might implicate particular genes in the disease.可知實驗的鳴禽有可能幫助治療亨廷頓;故選C.
64.B.文章大意題.根據(jù)最后一段"My lab's research during the past 10 years has shown that FOXP2 is as relevant for birds'song learning as it is for human speech learning,"she says.可知人類和鳥類有著同樣的聲音基因.故選B.

點評 考察學生的細節(jié)理解和推理判斷能力,做細節(jié)理解題時一定要找到文章中的原句,和題干進行比較,再做出正確的選擇.在做推理判斷題不要以個人的主觀想象代替文章的事實,要根據(jù)文章事實進行合乎邏輯的推理判斷.

練習冊系列答案
相關習題

科目:高中英語 來源: 題型:選擇題

3.Jane,I'll be in Room 3discussing with our business partners _____ Mr.Mathews drops in.( 。
A.so thatB.if onlyC.in caseD.as if

查看答案和解析>>

科目:高中英語 來源: 題型:書面表達

4.90后出生的學生,思想特殊、行為方式和價值觀令人擔憂.假如你是一名90后出生的學生劉林,請根據(jù)下表中所提供信息以"Do trust us-a generation born in the 90s"為題寫一篇英語演講稿,以消除人們的憂慮.
90后的境遇:面臨更多的升學和就業(yè)煩惱,所處環(huán)境競爭更加激烈.
人們的憂慮:1.注重自我,輕視合作;…
2.缺乏毅力,容易氣餒;…
3.盲目追求,渴望成名…
我們的長處:敢于挑戰(zhàn),…(請考生聯(lián)系自己擬定內容,再列舉兩至三點.)

查看答案和解析>>

科目:高中英語 來源: 題型:閱讀理解

1.The African elephant,the largest land animal remaining on earth,is of great importance to African ecosystem(生態(tài)系統(tǒng)).Unlike other animals,the African elephant is to a great extent the builder of its environment.As a big plant-eater,it largely shapes the forest-and-savanna(大草原)surroundings in which it lives,therefore setting the terms of existence for millions of other animals that live in its habitat(棲息地).
It is the elephant's great desire for food that makes it a disturber of the environment and an important builder of its habitat.In its continuous search for the 300pounds of plants it must have every day,it kills small trees and underbushes,and pulls branches off big trees.This results in numerous open spaces in both deep tropical forests and in the woodlands that cover part of the African savannas.In these open spaces are numerous plants in various stages of growth that attract a variety of other plant-eaters.
Take the rain forests for example.In their natural state,the spreading branches overhead shut out sunlight and prevent the growth of plants on the forest floor.By pulling down trees and eating plants,elephants make open spaces,allowing new plants to grow on the forest floor.In such situations,the forests become suitable for large hoofed plant-eaters to move around and for small plant-eaters to get their food as well.
What worries scientists now is that the African elephant has become an endangered species.If the elephant disappears,scientists say,many other animals will also disappear from vast areas of forest and savanna,greatly changing and worsening the whole ecosystem.
59.What is the passage mainly about?C
A.Disappearance of African elephants.
B.Forests and savannas as habitats for African elephants.
C.The effect of African elephants'search for food.
D.The eating habit of African elephants.
60.What does the underlined phrase"setting the terms"most probably mean?D
A.Fixing the time.
B.Worsening the state.
C.Improving the quality.
D.Deciding the conditions.
61.What do we know about the open spaces in the passage?D
A.They result from the destruction of rain forests.
B.They provide food mainly for African elephants.
C.They are home to many endangered animals.
D.They are attractive to plant-eating animals of different kinds.
62.The passage is developed mainly byA.
A.showing the effect and then explaining the causes
B.pointing out similarities and differences
C.describing the changes in space order
D.giving examples.

查看答案和解析>>

科目:高中英語 來源: 題型:選擇題

8.It wasn't _______ he took off her mask _______ I recognized he should be a famous film star.( 。
A.when; thatB.until; whenC.until; thatD.when; then

查看答案和解析>>

科目:高中英語 來源: 題型:選擇題

18.-Taylor Swift accepted the award for Top Female Artist during the 2015Billboard Music Awards in Las Vegas,Nevada May 17,2015.
-You really love her voice,don't you?
-__________!I appreciate her gift for composition.( 。
A.Not exactlyB.Don't mention it
C.Not a littleD.Don't say so

查看答案和解析>>

科目:高中英語 來源: 題型:選擇題

5.Face the problem bravely and you ______ a new way to success.( 。
A.findB.foundC.will findD.have found

查看答案和解析>>

科目:高中英語 來源: 題型:閱讀理解

2.Luciano Baietti,a retired school,headmaster from Italy,holds the Guinness record for the most university degrees.The 70-year-old currently has 15 bachelors or masters degrees from various universities across Italy,and is getting ready to get his 16th.
Getting more than one college degree is not exactly unheard of,but 15 is apparently quite impressive,since it's only been done by one man.Although he spends his days working around his house and garden,like most people his age,at night,Baretti turns into n student again.Every morning,at 3 a.m.,when most of the world is sleeping,he wakes up and studies by the light of his desk lamp.He claims studying helps keep his mind active and that every degree he has obtained has helped broaden his knowledge of the world around him.
"Thanks to books,I feel free.After all,the words share the share root,"he says,referring to the Italian words libro (book) and libero (free)."Me claims to have been inspired by the 19th century French essayist Louis-Francois Berlin,whose portrait is also on display in his study,alongside his many framed university degrees,and whom he describes as"a man of culture and knowledge.
Baietti first made it into the Guinness Book of Records in 2002,after his eighth degree.Then he spent the next 15 years adding seven more bachelors and masters degrees to his collection.
"Each time I set myself a new challenge to see how far my body and my brain can go."At 70-years-old,Baietti thinks he has enough energy for at least one more degree,this time in food science.
Probably the most important thing about Baietti's achievement is that he managed to get most of his university degrees while working as headmaster of a secondary school,and volunteering with Italy's Red Cross.The secret was always getting up at 3 in the morning to make sure that his thirst (渴求) for knowledge didn't affect his professional activity and his family life.He spent 3 hours studying every day,and that was apparently all he needed to pass his exams and write his thesis (論文).
 
32.Which of the following is true according to the passage?D
A.Louis-Francois Berlin is on good terms with Baietti.
B.Baietti is the first Italian to break a Guinness record twice.
C.Nobody but Baietti has ever got more than one college degree.
D.Challenging himself opens up a broader world to Baietti.
33.Baietti can be best described asC.
A.honest and considerate
B.optimistic and generous
C.determined and hardworking
D.reliable and imaginative
34.The key to Baietti's success isC.
A.the support from his family
B.his eagerness for fame
C.his nonstop daily learning
D.his unusual brain and energy
35.What lesson can we learn from the story of Baietti?B
A.Well begun is half done.
B.Never too late to learn.
C.Take things as they come.
D.Strike the iron while it is hot.

查看答案和解析>>

科目:高中英語 來源: 題型:完形填空

5.It is commonly believed that school is where people go to get education.(36)B,it has been said that today children (37)D their education to go to school.The (38)A between schooling and education suggested by this is important.
Education is (39)B,compared with schooling.Education knows no (40)C.It can take place (41)A,whether in the shower or on the job,whether in a kitchen or on a tractor.It includes both the (42)C learning that takes place in schools and the whole universe of learning out of class.(43)D the experience of schooling can be known in advance,education quite often produces (44)B.A chance talk with a (45)C may lead to a person to discover how (46)D he knows of another country.People obtain(獲得) education from (47)A on.Education,(48)C,is a very (49)B and unlimited term.It is lifelong experience that starts long (50)Dthe start of school,and one that should be a necessary part of one's entire life.
Schooling,on the other hand,is a (51)A experience,whose style changes.(52)C from one way to the next.Throughout a country,children arrive at school at the same time,take (53)C seats,use similar textbooks,do homework,and (54)A,and so on.Schooling has usually been (55)Bby the edges of the subjects being taught.

36.A.ThenB.HoweverC.ThusD.Therefore
37.A.understandB.needC.enjoyD.interrupt
38.A.differenceB.importanceC.useD.problem
39.A.unexpectedB.endlessC.countlessD.simple
40.A.a(chǎn)nswersB.waysC.edgesD.meanings
41.A.a(chǎn)nywhereB.a(chǎn)nywhere elseC.somewhereD.somewhere else
42.A.part-timeB.publicC.standardD.strict
43.A.IfB.BecauseC.SoD.Though
44.A.prideB.surprisesC.knowledgeD.progress
45.A.neighborB.friendC.foreignerD.teacher
46.A.wonderfullyB.wellC.greatlyD.little
47.A.babiesB.grown-upsC.womenD.men
48.A.stillB.nextC.thenD.yet
49.A.longB.broadC.narrowD.short
50.A.thatB.whenC.a(chǎn)fterD.before
51.A.basicB.strictC.finalD.irregular
52.A.unusuallyB.differentlyC.littleD.frequently
53.A.largeB.newC.fixedD.small
54.A.take examsB.hold examsC.mark papersD.read papers
55.A.changedB.limitedC.chosenD.controlled

查看答案和解析>>

同步練習冊答案