60. What is the writer’s attitude toward Wilkins, Watson and Crick? 　 A. Disapproving.　　 B. Respectful.　　　　 C.　 Admiring.　　　 D. Doubtful.

答案　 57.B　 58.C　 59.D　 60.A

Passage 2

(09·重慶B篇)

How to Be a Winner

　Sir Steven Redgrave

　Winner of 5 Olympic Gold Medals

　“In 1997 I was found to have developed diabetes(糖尿病). Believing my career(職業(yè)生涯) was over, I felt extremely low. Then one of the specialists said there was to no reason why I should stop training and competing. That was it -the encouragement I needed. I could still be a winner if I believed in myself. I am not saying that it isn’t difficult sometimes. But I wanted to prove to myself that I wasn't finished yet. Nothing is to stand in my way.”

　Karen Pickering

　Swimming World Champion

　“I swim 4 hours a day, 6 days a week. I manage that sort of workload by putting it on top of my diary. This is the key to success-you can’t follow a career in any field without being well-organized. List what you believe you can achieve. Trust yourself, write down your goals for the day, however small they are, and you’ll be a step closer to achieving them.”

　Kirsten Best

　Poet & Writer

“When things are getting hard, a voice inside my head tells me that I can’t achieve something. Then, there are other distractions, such as family or hobbies. The key is to concentrate. When I feel tense, it helps a lot to repeat words such as ‘calm’, ‘peace’ or ‘focus’, either out loud or silently in my mind. It makes me feel more in control and increases my confidence. This is a habit that can become second nature quite easily and is a powerful psychological(心理的) tool”

59. Why is Franklin described as　 “Dark Lady of DNA”? 　 A. She developed pictures in dark labs.

　 B. She discovered the　 black X-the shape of DNA.

　 C. Her name was forgotten after her death.

　 D. Her contribution was unknown to the public.

58. Watson was angry with Franklin because she 　　.

　 A. took the lead in the competition　　　　 B. kept her results from him

　 C. proved some of his findings wrong　　　 D. shared her data with other scientists

Passage 1

(09·浙江E篇)

Four people in England back in 1953, stared at Photo 51,It wasn’t much-a picture showing a black X. But three of these people won the Nobel Prize for figuring out what the photo really showed –the shape of DNA The discovery brought fame and fortune to scientists James Watson, Francis Crick, and Maurice Wilkins. The fourth, the one who actually made the picture, was left out.

　 Her name was Rosalind Franklin.”She should have been up there,” says historian Mary Bowden.” If her photos hadn’t been there, the others couldn’t have come up with the structure.” One reason Franklin was missing was that she had died of cancer four years before the Nobel decision. But now scholars doubt that Franklin was not only robbed of her life by disease but robbed of credit by her competitors

　 At Cambridge University in the 1950s, Watson and Click tried to make models by cutting up shapes of DNA’s parts and then putting them together. In the meantime, at King’s College in London, Franklin and Wilkins shone X-rays at the molecule(分子). The rays produced patterns reflection the shape.

　 But Wilkins and Franklin’s relationship was a lot rockier than the celebrated teamwork of Watson and Crick, Wilkins thought Franklin was hired to be his assistant .But the college actually employed her to take over the DNA project.

What she did was produce X-ray pictures that told Watson and Crick that one of their early models was inside out. And she was not shy about saying so. That angered Watson, who attacked her in return, “Mere inspection suggested that she would not easily bend. Clearly she had to to go or be put in her place.”

As Franklin’s competitors, Wilkins, Watson　 and Crick had much to gain by cutting her out of the little group of researchers, says historian Pnina Abir-Am. In 1962 at the Nobel Prize awarding ceremony, Wilkins thanked 13 colleagues by name before he mentioned Franklin, Watson wrote his book laughing at her. Crick wrote in 1974 that　 “Franklin was only two steps away　 from the solution.”

　No, Franklin was the solution. “She contributed more than any other player to solving the structure of　 DNA . She must be considered a co-discoverer,” Abir-Am says. This was backed up by Aaron Klug, who worked with Franklin and later won a Nobel Prize himself. Once described as the　 “Dark Lady of DNA”, Franklin is finally coming into the light.

57. What is the text mainly about?

　 A. The disagreements among DNA researchers.

　 B. The unfair treatment of Franklin.

　 C. The process of discovering DNA.

　 D. The race between two teams of scientists.

35．(黃石)某化學(xué)興趣小組的同學(xué)對(duì)一瓶久置的熟石灰粉末的組成進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)探究，請(qǐng)你一起參與他們的探究活動(dòng)。

[提出問題] 這瓶熟石灰粉末是否已經(jīng)變質(zhì)生成了CaCO₃？

[進(jìn)行猜想] 猜想一：熟石灰全部變成了CaCO₃。

　　　　　 猜想二：熟石灰部分變成了CaCO₃。

　　　　　 猜想一：熟石灰沒有變質(zhì)。

[設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)驗(yàn)] 該小組同學(xué)對(duì)猜想一設(shè)計(jì)了下列探究方案，請(qǐng)你幫助他們完成下表中相關(guān)實(shí)驗(yàn)內(nèi)容。

[反思與應(yīng)用] ①要證明猜想二成立，可參照上述實(shí)驗(yàn)方案進(jìn)行探究，在步驟②中產(chǎn)生的實(shí)驗(yàn)現(xiàn)象是_____________________。

②熟石灰變質(zhì)是由于_____________________的緣故。在初中化學(xué)我們所學(xué)過的物質(zhì)中還有_____________________(舉一例)等具有這樣的性質(zhì)，因此像熟石灰這類物質(zhì)在實(shí)驗(yàn)室應(yīng)_____________________保存。

③稱取1.0g上述熟石灰樣品，加適量水使之充分溶解，攪拌過濾后，往濾液中滴入酚酞試液，同時(shí)加入溶質(zhì)質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為10%的鹽酸至溶液剛好變?yōu)闊o色，消耗鹽酸溶液7.3g。求樣品中Ca(OH)₂的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)(寫出計(jì)算過程)。

[設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)驗(yàn)]②濾液不變色　 ③濾渣溶解，有氣泡產(chǎn)生

[反思與應(yīng)用] ①溶液變紅　 ②與中的CO₂反應(yīng)　 NaOH　 密封

③解：設(shè)樣品中含的質(zhì)量為x

Ca(OH)₂+2HCl=CaCl₂+2H₂O

74　　　 73

x　　　　 7.3g×10%

74/x=73/7.3g×10%　　

x=0.74g

則樣品中Ca(OH)₂的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為Ca(OH)₂%=0.74/1×100%=74%

答：樣品中Ca(OH)₂的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為74%。

34．(孝感)三聚氰胺(化學(xué)式為C₃H₆N₆)是一種白色結(jié)晶粉末，無氣味，低毒，對(duì)人體有著某種危害作用，在有機(jī)化工中用途廣泛；因其含氮量高，而俗稱“蛋白精”。2008年衛(wèi)生部查明，不法分子為了提高嬰幼兒奶粉中的蛋白質(zhì)含量而加入三聚氰胺，導(dǎo)致發(fā)生多起嬰幼兒泌尿系統(tǒng)結(jié)石病例，在社會(huì)上引起了廣泛關(guān)注。某化學(xué)興趣小組的同學(xué)欲探究三聚氰胺的制取原理： [查閱資料] (1)目前，化工企業(yè)常用尿素合成法制取三聚氰胺。即以尿素[化學(xué)式：CO(NH₂)₂]為反應(yīng)物，硅膠為催化劑，在380℃至400℃的溫度下，沸騰反應(yīng)、冷凝得到三聚氰胺，同時(shí)產(chǎn)生兩種無色氣體，其中一種氣體具有刺激性氣味。 (2)NO是無色氣體，不溶于水，在空氣中能迅速氧化為紅色NO₂氣體。 [提出問題] 反應(yīng)生成的兩種氣體是什么？ [假設(shè)猜想] 根據(jù)資料及反應(yīng)物質(zhì)判斷，生成的兩種氣體可能是： ①二氧化碳和水蒸氣；　 　 　 　 　 ②二氧化碳和氨氣； ③二氧化碳和氮?dú)猓弧?　 　 　 　 　 ④二氧化碳和二氧化氮； • • • • • • 提出以上猜想的依據(jù)是　　　　　　　　　　　 ； 你認(rèn)為合理的猜想是(填序號(hào)　　　 ，理由是　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 [設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)驗(yàn)] 同學(xué)們?cè)诶蠋煹闹笇?dǎo)下，設(shè)計(jì)下圖所示實(shí)驗(yàn)摸擬制取三聚氰胺，并驗(yàn)證猜想。

A裝置的作用是使生成的三聚氰胺迅速凝華而與氣體分離。 [實(shí)驗(yàn)現(xiàn)象和分析] (1)實(shí)驗(yàn)觀察到B中棉花變紅，則證明生成了　　　　 ，同時(shí)看到D中________________現(xiàn)象，說明還生成了二氧化碳。 (2)C中濃硫酸的作用是　　　 。 [實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)論] 根據(jù)資料和實(shí)驗(yàn)現(xiàn)象分析可知，用尿素分解制取三聚氰胺的化學(xué)方程式為　 　 　 ___________________________________________________________。 [假設(shè)猜想]反應(yīng)前后元素種類不變，② 只有②中氣體符合無色、有刺激性氣味(每空1分)

[實(shí)驗(yàn)現(xiàn)象和分析](1)氨氣(或NH₃) 澄清石灰水變渾濁；(2)吸收氨氣(每空1分)

[實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)論]6CO(NH₂)₂C₃H₆O₆+6NH₃↑+3CO₂↑

33．(漳州)某化學(xué)探究小組的同學(xué)準(zhǔn)備用碳酸鈉溶液與石灰水反應(yīng)來制取氫氧化鈉。請(qǐng)你與他們

　　 一起踏上實(shí)驗(yàn)之旅。

　 (1)實(shí)驗(yàn)過程：

　　　　 ①把石灰水加人盛有碳酸鈉溶液的燒杯中充分?jǐn)嚢瑁�發(fā)生反應(yīng)的化學(xué)方程式：

　　　　 ②再通過　　　　 操作，得到無色濾液。

　　　　 ③將無色濾液通過　　　　　 操作，得到白色固體。

　　 (2)猜想：得到的白色固體是純氫氧化鈉嗎？三位同學(xué)分別作出以下猜想：

　　　　　　 小玲：是純凈的氫氧化鈉！

　　　　　　 佳佳：可能還含有碳酸鈉！

　　　　　　 小強(qiáng)：也可能含有　　　　　 。

　 (3)驗(yàn)證：我來驗(yàn)證佳佳的猜想。

(1)①Na₂CO₃+Ca(OH)₂===CaCO₃↓+2NaOH；　 ②過濾　 ③蒸發(fā)

　　 (2) Ca(OH)₂(或CaCO₃)

32．(宜賓)(7分)市場上有一種自熱米飯，其飯盒中有一小包粉末，粉末的主要成分是鐵粉、鎂粉和氯化鈉。小明利用這包粉末，進(jìn)行了如下的探究實(shí)驗(yàn)：

(1)驗(yàn)證并分離鐵粉的最簡單的物理方法是　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　。

(2)若要進(jìn)一步分離鎂粉和氯化鈉而得到干燥的鎂粉，要進(jìn)行的操作是：溶解、　　　 、洗滌、干燥。在前兩步實(shí)驗(yàn)操作中都用到的玻璃儀器為 　　　　　(填一種)。

(3)在(2)所得鎂粉中加入一定量的稀硫酸，使固體完全溶解。對(duì)所得溶液中含有的溶質(zhì)，小明作如下猜想：

猜想1：溶質(zhì)只有硫酸鎂。

猜想2：溶質(zhì)有硫酸鎂和　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 (填化學(xué)式)。

經(jīng)查閱資料：硫酸鎂溶液酸性極弱。若要檢驗(yàn)猜想2是否正確，能不能選用無色酚酞溶液作為試劑？ 　　　　　　(填“能”或“不能”)。小明選用一種金屬單質(zhì)進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)，觀察到了明顯的現(xiàn)象，從而肯定了猜想2是正確的，寫出發(fā)生反應(yīng)的化學(xué)方程式：　　　　　 。

(1)用磁鐵吸引　　 (2)過濾　 玻璃棒(或燒杯)

(3)H₂SO₄　　 不能

Fe+H₂SO₄=FeSO₄+H₂↑(合理答案給分)(方程式2分，其余每空1分)

31．(泰安))如右圖所示，某同學(xué)在進(jìn)行酸堿中和反應(yīng)的實(shí)驗(yàn)時(shí)，向

　 燒杯中的氫氧化鈉溶液滴加稀鹽酸一會(huì)兒后，發(fā)現(xiàn)忘記了滴

　 加指示劑。為了確定鹽酸與氫氧化鈉是否恰好完全反應(yīng)，她

　 從燒杯中取了少量反應(yīng)后的溶液于一支試管中，并向試管中

　 滴加幾滴無色酚酞試液．振蕩．觀察到酚酞試液不變色。于是

　 她得出“兩種物質(zhì)已恰好完全中和”的結(jié)論。

　 (I)你認(rèn)為她得出的結(jié)論是　　　 的(填“正確”或“錯(cuò)誤”)，理由是　　　　　　　　

　 (2)請(qǐng)你設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)．探究上述燒杯中的溶液是否恰好完全中和。 請(qǐng)?zhí)顚懴卤恚?/p>

　 (I)錯(cuò)誤(1分)　 如果鹽酸滴加過量，滴入酚酞試液也不變色(1分)

(2)①取樣，滴加紫色石蕊試液　　　 試液變紅　　 鹽酸過量　

　　 ②取樣．漓加紫色石蕊試洼　　　 試液不變紅　　 恰好中和　

　 �、廴�樣．滴加碳酸蚋溶液　　　 有氣泡產(chǎn)生　　 鹽酸過量　

　　 ④取樣．滴加碳酸鈉溶液　　　 無氣泡產(chǎn)生　　 恰好中和

　　 ⑤取樣．加入辭牲等活潑金屬　　 有氣泡產(chǎn)生　 鹽酸過量　

　　 ⑥取樣．加入餑枉等活潑金屬　　 無氣泡產(chǎn)生　 恰好中和　

30．(陜西省)某實(shí)驗(yàn)小組的同學(xué)用碳酸鈉粉末、粒狀大理石、稀鹽酸、濃鹽酸、稀硫酸這幾種藥品，探究哪兩種藥品的反應(yīng)適合在實(shí)驗(yàn)室制取CO₂。請(qǐng)你參與下列的探究并回答問題。

[提出問題]上述人酸和碳酸鹽的反應(yīng)是否適合在實(shí)驗(yàn)室制取CO₂?

[方案設(shè)計(jì)]大家經(jīng)過討論，一致認(rèn)為濃鹽酸不適合用于實(shí)驗(yàn)室制取CO₂，你認(rèn)為原因　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　�！�

濃鹽酸易揮發(fā)，使制出的CO₂不純　　　　 　　

討論后大家設(shè)計(jì)了如下三個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)進(jìn)行對(duì)比分析。

[實(shí)驗(yàn)與結(jié)論]⑴請(qǐng)你填寫實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告中①、②處的內(nèi)容。

⑵根據(jù)探究結(jié)論，實(shí)驗(yàn)室制取二氧化碳的反應(yīng)原理為　　　　

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　( 用化學(xué)方程式表示)。

CaCO₃+2HCl₌₌₌CaCl₂+H₂O+CO₂↑(未配平或無“↑”符號(hào)扣1分，化學(xué)式錯(cuò)誤扣2分)

[拓展與遷移]⑴由上述探究可知，在確定實(shí)驗(yàn)室制取氣體的反應(yīng)原理時(shí)，要考慮諸多因素，例如反應(yīng)速率要適中，便于收集等。請(qǐng)你再寫出一種需要考慮的因素：　　　　　　　　　　　　 。

制出的氣體要純凈(其他合理答案均可)

⑵右圖是一種滅火器的工作原理示意圖，其中用碳酸鈉和濃鹽酸反應(yīng)來產(chǎn)生CO₂的理由是　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 。

能夠迅速產(chǎn)生大量CO₂