5.將一磁鐵緩慢或者迅速插到閉合線圈中的同一位置處，不發(fā)生變化的物理量是(　　　 )

A.磁通量的變化量　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 B.磁通量的變化率

C.感應電流　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 D.流過導體橫截面的電荷量

4.下列說法正確的是( 　　)

A.運動電荷在磁感應強度不為零的地方，一定受到洛倫茲力作用

B.運動電荷在某處不受洛倫茲力作用，則該處的磁感應強度不一定為零

C.洛倫茲力既不能改變粒子的動能，也不能改變粒子的動量

D.洛倫茲力對帶電粒子不做功

3．赤道上空某處有豎立天空的避雷針，當帶正電的云層經(jīng)過避雷針的上方時，避雷針受到磁場力方向(　　 )

A．向東　　　　 B．向南　　　　 C．向西　　　　 D．向北

2．如圖1所示，條形磁鐵放在桌面上，一條通電的直導線由S極的上端平移到N極的上端的過程中，導線保持與磁鐵垂直，導線的通電方向如圖示，則這個過程中磁鐵受到的摩擦力(磁鐵保持靜止)( 　　)

A．為零　　 　　　　

B．方向由向左變?yōu)橄蛴?/p>

C．方向保持不變　　　　

D．方向由向右變?yōu)橄蜃?/p>

1.關(guān)于光的直線傳播及其現(xiàn)象的說法和判斷正確的是( 　　)

A.光總是沿直線傳播的

B.太陽照在濃密的樹林里，地面上常出現(xiàn)許多圓形的光斑，這一現(xiàn)象表明樹林里葉間小孔的形狀是圓的

C.醫(yī)院外科手術(shù)中的無影燈的照明效果是沒有影子

D.在地球上不可能同時出現(xiàn)日全食和日環(huán)食現(xiàn)象

2.改為與其意思相近的詞

borrow---keep　 buy---have　 become---be

catch a cold---have a cold　 put on---wear

1.改為be的形式

leave---be away(from)

die---be dead　　 get up---be up

go to sleep---be asleep

finish/end/stop---be over

go to bed---be in bed　　

go there---be there

come back---be back

marry---be married

begin/start---be on

open---be open(adj.)

fall ill---be ill

fall asleep/ill/sick---be asleep/ill/sick

close---be closed　 sleep--- be asleep

turn on---be on　　 lose---be lose

come---be in/here　　 arrive---be in

come to---be at/in　　 put on---be on

become---be　　 join---be in/a member of

42.狀語從句的用法]

狀語從句

1 地點狀語從句通常由where, wherever 引導。

　Where I live there are plenty of trees.　 我住的地方樹很多。 　Wherever I am I will be thinking of you.　 不管我在哪里我都會想到你。

2 方式狀語從句 通常由as, (just) as…so…, as if, as though引導。

1) as, (just) as…so…引導的方式狀語從句通常位于主句后，但在(just) as…so…結(jié)構(gòu)中位于句首，這時as從句帶有比喻的含義，意思是"正如…"，"就像"，多用于正式文體，例如： 　Always do to the others as you would be done by. 希望人家怎樣待你，你就要怎樣待人。

　As water is to fish, so air is to man.　 我們離不開空氣，猶如魚兒離不開水。

2) as if, as though 　 兩者的意義和用法相同，引出的狀語從句謂語多用虛擬語氣，表示與事實相反，有時也用陳述語氣，表示所說情況是事實或?qū)崿F(xiàn)的可能性較大。漢譯常作"仿佛……似的"，"好像……似的"，例如：

　They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed. 　他們完全忽略了這些事實，就仿佛它不存在似的。(與事實相反，謂語用虛擬語氣。)

　He looks as if (as though) he had been hit by lighting. 　他那樣子就像被雷擊了似的。(與事實相反，謂語用虛擬語氣。)

　It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon. 看來天氣很快就會好起來。(實現(xiàn)的可能性較大，謂語用陳述語氣。)

　說明：as if / as though也可以引導一個分詞短語、不定式短語或無動詞短語，例如：

He stared at me as if seeing me for first time.他目不轉(zhuǎn)睛地看著我，就像第一次看見我似的。 3 原因狀語從句 比較：because, since, as和for

1)　because語勢最強，用來說明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的問題。當原因是顯而易見的或已為人們所知，就用as或 since。 　 I didn't go, because I was afraid. 　 Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.

2)　由because引導的從句如果放在句末，且前面有逗 號，則可以用for來代替。但如果不是說明直接原因，而是多種情況加以推斷，就只能用for。 　 He is absent today, because / for he is ill. 　 He must be ill, for he is absent today. 4 目的狀語從句 可以由that, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that, in case等詞引導，例如： 　 You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by all. 　 He wrote the name down for fear that(lest) he should forget it. 　 Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold.

5 結(jié)果狀語從句 常由so… that 或 such…that引導，掌握這兩個句型，首先要了解so 和 such與其后的詞的搭配規(guī)律。

比較：so和 such 　其規(guī)律由so與such的不同詞性決定。such 是形容詞，修飾名詞或名詞詞組，so 是副詞，只能修飾形容詞或副詞。 so 還可與表示數(shù)量的形容詞many, few, much, little連用，形成固定搭配。

　so foolish　　　　such a fool　 　so nice a flower　　such a nice flower　 　so many / few flowers　 such nice flowers 　so much / little money. such rapid progress　 　so many people　　　such a lot of people　 ( so many 已成固定搭配，a lot of 雖相當于 many，但 a lot of 為名詞性的，只能用such搭配。) 6 條件狀語從句 連接詞主要有 if, unless, as/so long as, on condition that 等。. 　if 引導的條件句有真實條件句和非真實條件句兩種。非真實條件句已在虛擬語氣中闡述。unless = if not.　 　 Let's go out for a walk unless you are too tired. 　 If you are not too tied, let's go out for a walk. 7 讓步狀語從句 though, although 　注意： 當有though, although時，后面的從句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可連用 　He is very old, but he still works very hard.　雖然他很老，但仍然努力地工作。 　Though the sore be healed, yet a scar may remain.傷口雖愈合，但傷疤留下了。 (諺語)

2)　as, though 引導的倒裝句 　 as / though引導的讓步從句必須表語或狀語提前(形容詞、副詞、分詞、實義動詞提前)。 　Child as /though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do. 　= Though he was a small child, he knew what was the right thing to do.

注意： a.　句首名詞不能帶任何冠詞。 　　b.　句首是實義動詞，其他助動詞放在主語后。如果實義動詞有賓語和狀語，隨實義動詞一起放在主語之前。 3)　ever if, even though.　即使We'll make a trip even though the weather is bad.

4) whether…or-　 不管……都Whether you believe it or not, it is true.

5)　"no matter +疑問詞" 或"疑問詞+后綴ever" No matter what happened, he would not mind. 　 替換：no matter what = whatever 　　 no matter who = whoever 　　 no matter when = whenever 　　 no matter where = wherever 　　 no matter which = whichever 　　 no matter how = however 　 注意：no matter 不能引導主語從句和賓語從句。 8 比較while, when, as 1)as, when 引導短暫性動作的動詞。 　　 Just as / Just when / When I stopped my car, a man came up to me. 2)當從句的動作發(fā)生于主句動作之前，只能用when 引導這個從句，不可用as 或 while。 　　 When you have finished your work, you may have a rest. 3)從句表示"隨時間推移"連詞能用as，不用when 或while。 　　 As the day went on, the weather got worse.　日子一天天過去，天氣越變越壞。

9 比較until和till 　此兩個連詞意義相同�？隙ㄐ问奖硎镜囊馑际�"做某事直至某時"，動詞必須是延續(xù)性的。否定形式表達的意思是"直至某時才做某事"。動詞為延續(xù)性或非延續(xù)性都可以。

1)Until可用于句首，而till通常不用于句首。 　Until you told me, I had heard nothing of what happened. 　直到你告訴我以前，出了什么事我一點也不知道�！� 2)Until when 疑問句中，until要放在句首。 　 ---Until when are you staying?　你呆到什么時候？ 　 --- Until next Monday.　呆到下周一�！�

注意：否定句可用另外兩種句式表示。 (1)Not until …在句首，主句用倒裝。 　Not until the early years of the 19th century did man know what heat is. 　直到19 世紀初，人類才知道熱能是什么。 (2)　It is not until… that… 10 表示"一…就…"的結(jié)構(gòu) 　hardly/scarcely…when/before, no sooner…than　和as soon as都可以表示"一…就…"的意思，例：

　I had hardly / scarcely got home when it began to rain. 　I had no sooner got home than it began to rain. 　As soon as I got home, it began to rain.

注意：如果hardly, scarcely 或no sooner置于句首，句子必須用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)： 　Hardly / Scarcely had I got home when it began to rain. 　No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.

[非延續(xù)性動詞轉(zhuǎn)換成延續(xù)性動詞的表達法:]

非延續(xù)性動詞轉(zhuǎn)換成延續(xù)性動詞的表達法:

1.情態(tài)動詞的語法特征

　1) 情態(tài)動詞不能表示正在發(fā)生或已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事情，只表示期待或估計某事的發(fā)生。 　2) 情態(tài)動詞 除ought 和have 外，后面只能接不帶to 的不定式。 　3) 情態(tài)動詞沒有人稱，數(shù)的變化，即情態(tài)動詞第三人稱單數(shù)不加-s。 　4) 情態(tài)動詞沒有非謂語形式，即沒有不定式，分詞，等形式。

2 比較can 和be able to 1)can　could 表示能力；可能 (過去時用could), 只用于現(xiàn)在式和過去式(could)。be able to可以用于各種時態(tài)。 　They will be able to tell you the news soon. 他很快就能告訴你消息了。

2)只用be able to 　 a. 位于助動詞后。 　 b. 情態(tài)動詞后。 　 c. 表示過去某時刻動作時。 　 d. 用于句首表示條件。 　 e. 表示成功地做了某事時，只能用was/were able to， 不能用could。 　　He was able to flee Europe before the war broke out. 　= He managed to flee Europe before the war broke out. 注意：could不表示時態(tài)

1)提出委婉的請求，(注意在回答中不可用could)。 　 --- Could I have the television on?--- Yes, you can. / No, you can't.

2)在否定，疑問句中表示推測或懷疑。 　　 He couldn't be a bad man.　他不大可能是壞人。 3 比較may和might 1) 表示允許或請求；表示沒有把握的推測；may 放在句首，表示祝愿。 　　May God bless you!　 He might be at home. 注意： might 表示推測時，不表示時態(tài)。只是可能性比may 小。

2) 成語： may/might as well，后面接不帶to 的不定式，意為"不妨"。 　　 If that is the case, we may as well try.

典型例題 　Peter ___come with us tonight, but he isn't very sure yet. 　 A. must　B. may　 C. can　 D. will 　答案B. 表可能性只能用may.　此句意可從后半句推出。 4 比較have to和must　 1)　兩詞都是'必須'的意思，have to 表示客觀的需要， must 表示說話人主觀上的看法，既主觀上的必要。 　My brother was very ill, so I had to call the doctor in the middle of the night.　我弟弟病得很厲害，我只得半夜里把醫(yī)生請來。(客觀上需要做這件事) 　He said that they must work hard. 他說他們必須努力工作。(主觀上要做這件事)

2)　have to有人稱、數(shù)、時態(tài)的變化，而must只有一種形式。但must 可用于間接引語中表示過去的必要或義務。 He had to look after his sister yesterday.

3) 在否定結(jié)構(gòu)中： don't have to　 表示"不必" 　　　　　mustn't　　表示"禁止"， 　 You don't have to tell him about it.　 你不一定要把此事告訴他。 　 You mustn't tell him about it.　　你一定不要把這件事告訴他。 5 must表示推測 　1) must用在肯定句中表示較有把握的推測，意為"一定"。 　2) must表對現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)或現(xiàn)在正發(fā)生的事情的推測時， must 后面通常接系動詞be 的原形或行為動詞的進行式。 You have worked hard all day.You must be tired.　 你辛苦干一整天，一定累了。(對現(xiàn)在情況的推測判斷) 　　He must be working in his office. 他一定在辦公室工作呢。

　比較： 　　 He must be staying there.　他現(xiàn)在肯定呆在那里。 　　 He must stay there. 他必須呆在那。 　3) must 表示對已發(fā)生的事情的推測時，must 要接完成式。 I didn't hear the phone. I must have been asleep.　我剛才沒有聽到電話，我想必是睡著了。

　4) must表示對過去某時正發(fā)生的事情的推測，must 后面要接不定式的完成進行式。 　---Why didn't you answer my phone call? 　---Well, I must have been sleeping, so I didn't hear it.

　5) 否定推測用can't。 　 If Tom didn't leave here until five o'clock, he can't be home yet.　如果湯姆五點才離開這兒，他此時一定還未到家。 6 表示推測的用法 　can, could, may, might, must 皆可表示推測，其用法如下：

1)情態(tài)動詞+動詞原形。 　表示對現(xiàn)在或?qū)�來的情況的推測，此時動詞通常為系動詞。 　I don't know where she is, she may be in Wuhan. 2)情態(tài)動詞+動詞現(xiàn)在進行時。 　表示對現(xiàn)在或?qū)�來正在進行的情況進行推測。 　At this moment, our teacher must be correcting our exam papers. 　這時，我們老師想必在批改試卷。

3)情態(tài)動詞+動詞完成時。 　表示對過去情況的推測。 　We would have finished this work by the end of next December. 　明年十二月底前我們很可能已完成這項工作了。 　The road is wet. It must have rained last night. 　地是濕的，昨天晚上一定下雨了。

4)情態(tài)動詞+動詞的現(xiàn)在完成進行時。 　表示對過去正在發(fā)生事情的推測。 　Your mother must have been looking for you. 　你媽媽一定一直在找你。

5)推測的否定形式，疑問形式用can't, couldn't表示。 　Mike can't have found his car, for he came to work by bus this morning. 　邁克一定還沒有找回他的車，因為早上他是坐公共汽車來上班的。

　注意：could, might表示推測時不表示時態(tài)，其推測的程度不如can, may。 7 情態(tài)動詞+ have +過去分詞 1) may(might) have + done sth, can (could) have + done sth　表示過去，推測過去時間里可能發(fā)生的事情。 　Philip may (might) have been hurt seriously in the car accident. 　Philip can (could) have been hurt seriously in the car accident.

2)　must have +done sth，對過去時間里可能發(fā)生的事情的推測，語氣較強，具有"肯定"，"諒必"的意思。 　---Linda has gone to work, but her bicycle is still here. 　---She must have gone by bus.

3) ought to have done sth, should have done sth 　本應該做某事，而事實上并沒有做。否定句表示"不該做某事而做了"。 　You ought to (should) have been more careful in this experiment. 　He ought not to have thrown the old clothes away.(事實上已扔了。) 　ought to 在語氣上比should 要強。

4) needn't have done sth　 本沒必要做某事 　I dressed very warmly for the trip, but I　needn't have done so. The weather was hot.

5) would like to have done sth　 本打算做某事　 　I would like to have read the article, but I was very busy then.

8 should 和ought to　 　should 和ought to 都為"應該"的意思，可用于各種人稱。 　---Ought he to go? 　---Yes. I think he ought to. 　表示要求，命令時，語氣由 should(應該)、had better最好)、must(必須)漸強。 9 had better表示"最好" 　had better 相當于一個助動詞，它只有一種形式，它后面要跟動詞原形。 　had better do sth 　had better not do sth 　It is pretty cold. You'd better put on my coat. 　She'd better not play with the dog.

　had better have done sth表示與事實相反的結(jié)果，意為"本來最好"。 　You had better have come earlier.

10 would rather表示"寧愿" 　would rather do 　would rather not do 　would rather… than…　 寧愿……而不愿。

　還有would sooner, had rather, had sooner都表示"寧愿"、"寧可"的意思。

　If I have a choice, I had sooner not continue my studies at this school. 　I would rather stay here than go home. = I would stay here rather than go home. 典型例題 ----Shall we go skating or stay at home? ----Which ___ do?　　　 A. do you rather　B. would you rather　 C. will you rather　 D. should you rather 答案B。本題考查情態(tài)動詞rather的用法，would rather +do sth 意為"寧愿"，本題為疑問句，would 提前，所以選B。 11 will和would 　注意： 　1)would like； Would like to do = want to 想要，為固定搭配。 　 Would you like to go with me? 　2)Will you…?　Would you like…? 表示肯定含義的請求勸說時，疑問句中一般用some, 而不是any。 　 Would you like some cake? 　3)否定結(jié)構(gòu)中用will，一般不用would, won't you是一種委婉語氣。 　 Won't you sit down?

12 情態(tài)動詞的回答方式 　 問句　　肯定回答　　否定回答 Need you…?　Yes, I must.　　No,I needn't Must you…?　　　　　　/don't have to.

典型例題 1)---Could I borrow your dictionary? 　---Yes, of course, you____.　 　 A. might　B. will　 C. can　 D. should 　 答案C.could表示委婉的語氣，并不為時態(tài)。答語中of course，表示肯定的語氣，允許某人做某事時，用can和 may來表達，不能用could或might。復習： will 與you連用，用來提出要求或下命令。should與you 連用，用來提出勸告。

2)---Shall I tell John about it? 　---No, you ___. I've told him already.　 　 A. needn't　B. wouldn't　C. mustn't　D. shouldn't 　 答案A。needn't 不必，不用。 wouldn't 將不, 不會的。 mustn't 禁止、不能。 shouldn't　不應該。本題為不需要，不必的意思，應用needn't。

3)---Don't forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow. 　---______. 　A. I don't　 B.　I won't　 C. I can't　D. I haven't 　答案B.　will既可當作情態(tài)動詞，表請求、建議、也可作為實義動詞表"意愿、意志、決心"，本題表示決心，選B。 13 帶to 的情態(tài)動詞 　　 帶to 的情態(tài)動詞有四個：ought to, have to, used to, be to, 如加上have got to ,(=must), be able to，為六個。它們的疑問，否定形式應予以注意： 　 Do they have to pay their bill before the end of the month? 　 She didn't use to play tennis before she was fourteen. 　 You ought not to have told her all about it. 　 Ought he to see a heart specialist at once.?

　 ought to 本身作為情態(tài)動詞使用。其他的詞作為實義動詞使用，變疑問，否定時，須有do 等助動詞協(xié)助。

典型例題 　Tom ought not to ___ me your secret, but he meant no harm.　 　A.have told　B.tell　C.be telling　D. having told 　答案A。由于后句為過去時，告訴秘密的動作又發(fā)生在其前因，此地應用過去完成時，但它在情態(tài)動詞 ought to 后，所以用have。 14 比較need和dare 　 這兩詞既可做實義動詞用，又可做情態(tài)動詞用。作為情態(tài)動詞，兩者都只能用于疑問句，否定句和條件句。 need 作實義動詞時后面的不定式必須帶to，而dare作實義動詞用時, 后面的to 時�？梢员皇÷浴� 1) 實義動詞： need　(需要, 要求) 　　　　 need + n. / to do sth 2) 情態(tài)動詞： need，只用原形need后加do，否定形式為need not。 　Need you go yet? 　Yes, I must. / No, I needn't. 3) need 的被動含義：need, want, require, worth(形容詞)后面接doing也可以表示被動：　 　need doing = need to be done

40.take的用法]

take可作及物動詞和不及物動詞，主要有以下用法： 一、take作拿，拿走，帶去講。如： Please take the tea-things away. 請把茶具拿走。 You\'d better take your umbrella along. 你最好把雨傘帶著。 二、take作"吃(喝)，乘坐，接受" 講。如： She asked us to take tea with her. 她請我們和她一起喝茶。 We are waiting to take the plane to Yan\'an. 我們在等著乘飛機去延安。 I\'m very glad that you\'ve taken their advice. 我很高興你接受了他們的建議。 三、take作"測量，照(相)，記錄"講。如： The doctor took my temperature. 醫(yī)生量了我的體溫。 We took photos on the Great Wall.我們在長城上照了相。 四、take作"花費，需要"講。如： It takes many hands to do the work. 這項工作需要許多人去做。 五、take + n. 構(gòu)成的詞組：take effect生效，發(fā)生作用；take aim瞄準； take care當心，注意；take office就職； take trouble 費事；take notes作筆記；take pains費力；take place發(fā)生；take heart鼓起勇氣。如： These measures are just beginning to take effect. 這些措施剛開始見效。 The player knelt down to take aim. 這位選手跪下來瞄準。 Take care that you don\'t slip. 當心別滑倒了。 Take notes, summarise and help the speaker decide. 作筆記，總結(jié)一下，然后幫助發(fā)言者作決定。 He took office at a most difficult time. 他是在極其困難的時候就職的。 六、take + adv.　 prep. 構(gòu)成的詞組：take away 拿走，拿開；take back 收回；take down拆開，記下；take in 欺騙，領會，包括，容納；take off 起飛，成名，脫掉；take on呈現(xiàn)，接納；take out取出，拔出；take up 學習，占去，從事，接納；take over 接收，接管；take to 喜歡。 如： I should take back what I said. 我應該收回我說的話。 She was taken in at the railway station. 在火車站她被騙了。 Take off your wet shoes and come in. 脫掉濕鞋進來吧。 The plane took off at 8 a.m. 飛機是早晨8點起飛的。 The tour takes in some famous old castles. 這趟觀光旅游包括若干著名的古堡。 七、take + n. + 介詞構(gòu)成的詞組：take account of 考慮；take advantage of 利用；take care of 照顧，照管；take charge of 負責，管理；take hold of 抓�。籺ake notice of 注意；take part in 參加；take pride in為......感到驕傲； take delight in樂于； take interest in對......感興趣；take pity on同情。如： She soon took charge of the work. 她很快就負責這項工作了。 She took hold of the little tree. 她抓住了小樹。 Take particular notice of that man. 要特別注意那個人。 He took part in the contest last month. 上個月他參加了競賽。

[41情態(tài)動詞的用法]