18. 辨析for example,such as,like]
for example作“例如”講,一般只以同類事物或人中的“一個”為例,作插入語,用逗號隔開,可置于句首、句中或句末。如: For example,air is invisible.例如,空氣是看不見的。
such as也作“例如”講,用來列舉同類人或事物中的幾個例子。如: Some of the European languages come from Latin,such as French, Italian and Spanish.有些歐洲語言來源于拉丁語,例如,法語、意大利語和西班牙語。 注意:使用such as來舉例子,只能舉出其中的一部分,一般不能全部舉出。若全部舉出,要改用namely(意為:即)。如: He knows four languages,namely Chinese,English,Russian and French.他精通四門語言,即漢語、英語、俄語和法語。
like也常用來表示舉例,可與such as互換。注意:such as用于舉例時可以分開使用,這時不與like互換。如: Some warm-blooded animals,like /such as the cat,the dog or the wolf,do not need to hibernate.一些溫血動物,像貓、狗和狼都不需要冬眠。 He has several such reference books as dictionaries and handbooks.他有幾本像字典、手冊之類的參考書。
6.某些動名詞的主動形式表被動含義 1)在need,want,require,deserve和bear等詞的后面,動名詞用主動形式表示被動含義,其含義相當于動詞不定式的被動形式。如: The house needs repairing(to be repaired).這房子需要修理。 My clothes need washing(to be washed).我的衣服需要洗了。 2)形容詞worth后面跟動名詞的主動形式表示被動含義,但不能跟動詞不定式;而worthy后面跟動詞不定式的被動形式。如: The picture-book is well worth reading.(=The picture-book is very worthy to be read.)這本畫冊很值得一讀。 Such a man as Mr.Smith is not worth helping.(=Such a man as Mr.Smith is not worthy to be helped.)像史密斯先生那樣的人不值得幫助。 This plan is not worth considering.(=This plan is not worthy to be considered.)這個計劃不值得考慮。 3)某些動詞不定式的主動形式表被動含義 a.當nice,easy,fit,hard,difficult,important,impossible,pleasant, interesting等形容詞后跟不定式作狀語,而句子的主語又是動詞不定式的邏輯賓語時,這時常用不定式的主動形式表達被動含義。如: Japanese is not difficult to learn.日語并不難學。(指日語被學) The water is unfit to drink.這水不適合喝。(指水被喝) The piece of music is pleasant to hear.這首音樂聽起來很悅耳。(指音樂被聽) This book is easy to read.這本書讀起來很容易。(指書被讀) b.當動詞不定式在名詞后面作定語,不定式和名詞之間有動賓關系時,不定式的主動形式表示被動含義。如: I have a lot of work to do today.我今天有很多工作要做。(work to do指被做的工作) He has three children to look after.他有三個孩子要照看。(children to look after指孩子被照看) 注意:如果以上句型用動詞不定式的被動形式,其含義有所區(qū)別。如: I have some clothes to be washed.我有些要洗的衣服。(衣服不是自己洗) c.在there be...句型中,當動詞不定式修飾名詞作定語時,不定式用主動或被動式,其含義沒有什么區(qū)別。如: There is a lot of homework to do(to be done).有很多家庭作業(yè)要做。 There are some clothes to wash(to be washed).有些衣服要洗。 4)由介詞for,on,above,under等構成的短語有時可以表達被動含義。如: His paintings will be on show tomorrow afternoon.=His paintings will be shown tomorrow afternoon.他的油畫作品明天下午展出。 5)表示感官意義的連系動詞如smell,feel,taste,look,sound等在句子中常表達被動含義。如: How nice the music sounds!這音樂聽起來多悅耳! Good medicine tastes bitter.良藥苦口。 Our school looks more beautiful than before.我們學?瓷先ケ纫郧案亮恕T谥鲃诱Z態(tài)中,使讓動詞(make,have,let)和感官動詞(see, look,watch,notice,listen,hear,feel,find)后必省略to,但在被動語態(tài)中必須加上to
例:在教室里我們聽見他唱了這首歌
we heard him sing this song in the classroom.
he was heard to sing this song by us in the classroom.
5. 某些動詞的主動形式表被動含義 英語中有很多動詞如act,break,catch,cut,clean,drive,draw, let,lock,open,sell,read,write,wash,wear等,當它們被用作不及物動詞來描述主語特征時,其主動形式常用來表達被動含義。另外,像 owe,beat,cook,bake,print,build,make等,有時可以用主動形式表達被動含義。如: This kind of radio doesn't sell well.這種收音機不太暢銷。 The shop opens at eight o'clock.這個商店八點開門。 The pipe does not draw well.這煙斗不太通暢。 These plays act wonderfully.這些劇演得好。 Kate's book reads like an interesting novel.凱特的這本書讀起來像本有趣的小說。 注意:主動表被動強調(diào)的是主語的特征,而被動語態(tài)則強調(diào)外界作用造成的影響。如: The door won't lock.門鎖不上。(指門本身有毛病) The door won't be locked.門不會被鎖上。(指不會有人來鎖門) His novels sell easily.他的小說銷路好。(指小說本身內(nèi)容好) His novels are sold easily.他的小說容易銷售。(主要強調(diào)外界對小說的需求量大)
4. 不能用于被動語態(tài)的情況 1)某些表示“靜態(tài)”的及物動詞(表示狀態(tài)而不是動作,而且常常是不可用于進行時態(tài)的動詞)如have,fit,suit,hold(容納),cost, suffer,last(持續(xù))等不能用于被動語態(tài)。如: They have a nice car.他們有一輛漂亮的汽車。 My shoes don't fit me.我的鞋不合適。 My brain can't hold so much information at one time.我的腦子一下子記不住這么多資料。 How much /What does it cost?這值多少錢? Our holiday lasts 10days.我們的假期有十天。 This food will last(them)(for)3days.這食物足夠(他們)(吃)三天。 2)不是所有帶介詞的動詞都能用于被動結構。若是構成成語動詞通常有被動態(tài),若不構成成語動詞則無被動態(tài)。試比較: They arrived at a decision.?A decision was arrived at.他們作出了決定。 They arrived at the station.他們到達車站。(不說:The station was arrived at.) He looked into the question.?The question was looked into.他調(diào)查了這個問題。 3)動詞leave(離開),enter(進入),join(參加)不可用于被動語態(tài)。如: The car left the road and hit a tree.車子離開了道路,撞上了樹。 4)某些及物動詞可作不及物動詞用,特別是后加副詞(如well, easily等)時。主動語態(tài)有被動含義,這類動詞常見的有sell,write, wear,wash,cook,open,close,lock,read,record等。如: His new novel is selling well.他的新小說很暢銷。The cloth washes well.這布很耐洗。 This material won't wear.這種材料不耐穿。His play won't act.他的戲劇不會上演。 The window won't shut.這窗關不上。The door won't open.這門打不開。 The door won't lock.這門鎖不上。This poem reads well.這首詩讀來很好。 5)feel,look,appear,sound,taste,smell等由實意動詞演變而來的系動詞,后接形容詞作表語,不可用于被動語態(tài)。如: Tell me if you feel cold.你要是感到冷就告訴我。 You're looking very unhappy?what's the matter?你看來很不高興???怎么回事兒? The soup tastes wonderful.這湯味道好極了。 Those roses smell beautiful.那些玫瑰好聞極了。 She appears to be friendly.她看上去很友好。 6)賓語是不定式或動詞的或-ing形式時,不可用于被動語態(tài)。如: Peter hoped to meet her.彼得希望遇見她。 Mr Smith enjoyed seeing his daughter.史密斯先生喜歡看他的女兒。 7)賓語是反身代詞或相互代詞時,不可用于被動語態(tài)。如: She can dress herself.她可以自己穿衣服。 We could hardly see each other in the fog.在霧中我們彼此幾乎看不見。 8)賓語是同源賓語時,不可用于被動語態(tài)。如: They live a happy life.他們過著幸福的生活。 The girl dreamed a sweet dream .那女孩做了個甜美的夢。 9)賓語帶有與主語有照應關系的物主代詞時,不可用于被動語態(tài)。如: The old man broke his(=the old man's)legs.那老人把自己的腿弄斷了。 The girl shook her(=the girl's)head.那女孩搖了搖頭。
3. 被動語態(tài)改為主動語態(tài)的方法: 被動語態(tài)中介詞by后的賓語改為主動語態(tài)中的主語(或按題意要求確定主語),按照這個主語的人稱和數(shù)以及原來的時態(tài)把謂語動詞形式由被動語態(tài)改為主動語態(tài)。注意在主動語態(tài)中有的動詞要求不帶to的動詞不定式作賓語補足語,此時要把被動語態(tài)中的to去掉。被動語態(tài)的主語用來作主動語態(tài)的賓語。如: History is made by the people.?The people make history.
2. 主動語態(tài)改被動語態(tài)的方法 1)將主動語態(tài)改為被動語態(tài)應注意以下三個方面:①將主動語態(tài)的賓語改為被動語態(tài)的主語;②將主動語態(tài)的謂語動詞改為“be+過去分詞”結構;③將主動語態(tài)的主語改為介詞by之后的賓語,放在謂語動詞之后(有時可省略)。 2)含直接賓語和間接賓語的主動語態(tài)改為被動語態(tài)時有兩種情況:①把間接賓語改為被動語態(tài)的主語,直接賓語仍保留原位;②把直接賓語改為主動語態(tài)的主語,此時,間接賓語前要加介詞to或 for。如: He gave the boy an apple.→The boy was given an apple.(或An apple was given to the boy.) Her father bought her a present.→She was bought a present by her father.(或A present was bought for her by her father.) 3)不帶to的動詞不定式作賓語補足語的主動語態(tài),改為被動語態(tài)時不定式前要加to。如: They watched the children sing that morning.→The children were watched to sing that morning. 4)帶復合賓語的動詞在改為被動語態(tài)時,一般把主動語態(tài)的賓語改為主語,賓語補足語在被動語態(tài)中作主語補足語。如: We call him Xiao Wang.→He is called Xiao Wang. He cut his hair short.→His hair was cut short. They told him to help me.→He was told to help me. 5)短語動詞是不可分割的整體,改為被動語態(tài)時要保持其完整性,介詞或副詞不可遺漏。如: We must take good care of the young trees.→The young trees must be taken good care of. 6)含有賓語從句的主動結構變?yōu)楸粍咏Y構時,通常用it作為被動結構的先行主語,從句放在句子后面;也可采用另一種形式?梢赃@樣轉換為被動結構的動詞有know,say,believe,find,think,report等。如: People believe that he is ill.→It is believed that he is ill.(或:He is believed to be ill.)
1. 被動語態(tài)的構成 由于不及物動詞不能帶賓語,故無被動語態(tài),只有及物動詞或相當于及物動詞的動詞短語才有被動語態(tài),其基本構成方式是“助動詞be+過去分詞”。 注意:“be+過去分詞”結構不一定都是被動語態(tài),有些動詞(如 be,feel,look,seem等)后面的過去分詞已轉化為形容詞,用作表語表示狀態(tài)。
如: My bike is broken.(我的自行車壞了。) The door is open.(門開了。)
17.被動語態(tài)的用法]
英語動詞有兩種語態(tài):主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。主動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的執(zhí)行者,被動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的承受者。
如: Many people speak English.(主動語態(tài))
English is spoken by many people.(被動語態(tài))
16.部分否定的用法]
部分否定:
他們都不是學生(完全否定)
None of them are students.
他們不都是學生
All of them aren't students.(部分否定)
"all"表示全部,但是"not all"表示并非所有
not用在all,always,both,every以及every的合成詞等詞之前時,表示部分否定.
他們不都是學生.
All of them aren't students.
Not all of them are students.
They aren't all students.
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瑞安中學2008學年第二學期高二年級期末考試
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